curs how to write

8/9/2019 Curs How to Write

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Corin Badiu, 2007

Metodologia cercetMetodologia cercet riirii tiintiinificeifice

Redactarea unei lucrri tiinifice


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Tipuri de lucrri tiinifice

Articol tiinific

Poster Prezentare oral

Lucrare de diplom / master / doctorat

Grant de cercetare

Articole de educaie continu

Book review


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How to write Scientific text ?

Logical and in such way that other scientistsare able to repeat your wor

!ind out what is already nown" find rele#antlitterature

References

!igures$ figure captions$ tables Language % si&ple and clear sentences


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'hy to write ?(ublication ) (roposal

*nd (roduct ofScientific wor

+o get other peopleinterested in and tonow your wor

+o show your acti#ity

+o obtain funding foryou and)or your group

to be able tostart)continueinteresting andi&portant research


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(ublication 3hain

4bstract *xtended abstract

Real paper in 1nternational 5ournal .ature) Science paper

+hesis 6M7Sc7 ) (h789 Reports


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'riting process

4lone or in group 4s co&&ents as soon and as often as possible fro&

co/authors and other people *xa&ple 6on co/operation92 4 &a es outlines and

&ain results and : writes details etc7 4lone 4 could &a e ;/< papers per year together 4

and : can &a e =/> papers per year

Re&e&ber2 as writer you would li e other people toread it$ ta e this into account when you write


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,n (ublications

4uthorship all authors &ust ha#e scientific contribution How &any authors?

Re#iew process if you get so&ewhat posti#e co&&ents it &eans that you are

able to publish the paper after so&e 6e#en &a or9 wor "+ypically possible to negotiate

.ature$ Science and (RL2 you need to con#ince editors thatyour topic is widely interested and significant

Letters to editros ) co#ering letters


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Recording DataRecording Data

Try placing your notesinto this format:

Materials used Method followed Results seen 3onclusions drawn

It is important that youmake sure that all theinformation you arerecording is accurate and

precise.


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So&e other ways of using technology forta ing notes2

4udio recording Bideo recordings

3o&puter databases (hotographs

'hate#er &ethod of note ta ing you choose$ &a e

sure the data you record is accurate$ organiCed$and clear enough for you to read later when youcan no longer depend on your &e&ory7


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4 Syste& of 3onsistency is BitalD

When you keep your own notes,it is important that you recordthe same type of data every timeyou record something. !orexa&ple$ if you record how tall a

plant has grown under differentlight sources$ be sure to record theheight at the sa&e ti&e of dayusing the sa&e syste& of&easure&ent7 4 de#ise li e achart$ can help eep your entries

consistent7


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So&e scientific research &ay reAuire a sur#ey ofcurrent research7

Include the following information

when recording information: +he infor&ation 'hether the infor&ation is a direct

Auote or not +he source of the infor&ation and date +he sub ect &atter of the infor&ation


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Formatting and Organizing LabReports

Lab Reports always answer these Auestions2

'hat was the purpose of

the lab? 'hat &aterials were used? 'hat was the procedure? 'hat were the results? 'hat are the conclusions?


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4 typical lab report includes thefollowing four partsD7


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Report tructure: !"RaD# $

3ore sections of a scientific report can besu&&arised as !"RaD# $

!ntroduction " ethods Results

a nd Discussion # $ onclusion


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!% !ntroduction 4L'4-S tell the ob ecti#es)purpose of the

lab$ what the lab is expected to pro#e6hypothesis9

S,M*+1M*S gi#es the bac ground of theproble& under research S,M*+1M*S tells under whose authority the

lab was conducted

S,M*+1M*S is gi#en a separate heading ifthe lab report is long


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!!%!!% "aterials and &rocedure"aterials and &rocedure 6also called *xperi&ental Section$ Methodology$ Method9

4L'4-S describes and)or lists &aterials orinstru&ents used

4L'4-S describes the procedure used$ includingrele#ant calculations

4L'4-S uses chronological order 6through ti&e9


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!!!% Results and Discussion!!!% Results and Discussion

4L'4-S presents test results with rele#antcalculations" usually includes acco&panying #isuals %tables$ graphs$ etc7

4L'4-S discusses the results$ explains why thingshappened$ tells what is significant

ESE4LL- uses chronological order for results seenand cause/to/effect order for discussion of results7


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!'% $onclusions!'% $onclusions

4L'4-S includes a brief su&&ary that tells

how the test results$ findings$ and analysis&eet the ob ecti#es established at thebeginning of the report7

S,M*+1M*S uses chronological order"S,M*+1M*S uses priority order7


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4dditional Sections of Lab ReportsMay 1nclude the !ollowing2

Theory section % *xplains thescientific theory behind the lab

$alculations section % if the labs

used in#ol#e &athe&atical calculations Recommendation section % co&es

after the conclusion and used ifnecessary for the lab

(ppendi) section % separate section

at the end of the report$ that containstables and graphs whose co&plexityand length disrupt the flow of the reportitself7


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$omposing the Lab Report

A few more important things to remem er!


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1nducti#e and 8educti#e Reasoning

Scientific exploration explores physicalpheno&ena according to basic inducti#e and

deducti#e reasoning called the scientific&ethod7 +he scientific &ethod is responsible

for the structure of the lab report7


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Results vs. onclusions!

*xperi&ents reAuire writers to obser#e resultsresults and to draw conclusionsconclusions fro& those obser#ations7 ,bser#able results$ howe#er$ are different fro& theconclusions drawn7

( result is simply *hat happened+ a conclusion goes beyond *hathappened% 4 conclusion reAuires a scientist to draw an inference$ to &a e a

point about the results 7 !or exa&ple$ (aul :roca &easured wo&enFs brains in the &id/;G Fs7'hen he obser#ed that they weighed an a#erage of ;G; gra&s less than a&anFs brain$ he wrongly concluded that s&aller brains &eant wo&en were lessintelligent than &en7 His obser#ation$ the result of his &easure&ents$ wascorrect7 +he brains did weigh less7 :ut less weight doesnFt lead to theconclusion that wo&en are not as s&art7 61nteresting note2 'hat would heha#e concluded if he had nown *insteinFs brain weighed nearly I pound lessthan the a#erage &anFs brain?9


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Structure(ublication ) (roposal

4bstract su&&ary including &ain results

1ntroduction why and short litterature re#iew

Materials and Methods

instru&ents$ eAuations etc Results

your results 8iscussion

co&parison with other results 3onclusions

focus on new things and wideconnections

Su&&ary 1ntroduction ) bac ground 4i&s$ ob ecti#es Methods Research @roup

:est publications Significant results

Lin s to other research lists

Scientific education$ reseachtraining

lists Schedule :udget


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Sub&ission(ublications ) (roposals

+o which 5ournal Loo the for&at and other

instructions carefully 3itation index

&ore than ; .ature around < 5@R J=

How &uch it costs ? 8o you expect to ha#e

reasonable editors)re#ie#ers

(ri#ate foundations .ational science foundation

6li e !innish 4cade&y9 .MR$ .oR!4 *E$ *S! (ri#ate 3o&panies +*K*S type 6-ou need

co&panies to find outnational funding9

Ministry of D


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4nato&y of a Scientific (aper +itle2 8escripti#e$ concise$ and interesting 4bstract2 1nclude all co&ponents of the &anuscript :ody2

1ntroduction2 State ob ecti#es$ any Auestions$ reason for writing Materials and Methods2 (ro#ide details Results2 Stic to the facts$ &a e sure it &a es sense 8iscussion2 8raw conclusions fro& your data$ co&pare to pre#ious

studies 3onclusion2 Studies i&plications$ supported by results$ and related to

ob ecti#es References2 1nclude retrie#able sources$ follow for&at +ables2 8o not i&bed in text$ follow guidelines$ eep si&ple !igures2 8o not i&bed in text$ loo professional !igure Legends2 8escripti#e and concise


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-our paperD77 how?

8o not di#e in without a plan % &ind &ap to outline

"# paper

Introduction

Results

Materials andMethods

References

iscussion

!ypothesis

Reading

"ims # $%&.

References

'igures

"nalysis

(a%les

statistics(e)t

(itle #a%stract

Rele*ant %ackgroundto the pro%lem


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A stract

&r,cis *riting !nformati-e. not descripti-e ome numbers. but not ine)cess

Determines if paper *ill be

read !s distributed freely indatabases


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$itle

"a) info in least *ords

/01 *ords /022 characters The title is a label hould almost ne-er containabbre-iations 3uestion: easier to understand. more

impact tate results


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%igures

Do before *riting Redra*. redra*. prune clutter Least non4data4in5

"a) 6 lines. all solid 7o caption Reduce to 0 column in 8ournal

/ Reduced )ero) copy to chec5out/ Original should be /9) final


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%igures ()es

/ "inimize tic5 mar5s/ Don t number each tic5

Lettering/ ;niform. lo*er case/ "inimize. a-oid bold

/ (fter reduction. 149 mmhigh Legend

/


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$a les

ingle unit. understood *ithoutte)t=)ceed 0 sheet: redra* (-oid narro*>broad+ rotate all ?2 o 7o added -ertical>horizontal lines !f small: mo-e data to te)t


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"omentum Fi) a schedule "onitor progress @rite by a biological cloc5

One page a *ee5: torture 5ip trouble spots @riter s bloc5: unacceptable


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&oncentration

7eed stretch of se-eral hours @hen time is short: prepare. re-ise (-oid distractions: phone. beeper Location

/ 'ery boring area/ 7othing to distract


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%irst 'raft

@rite as Auic5ly as possible (s if thin5ing out loud


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Good (riting

$ontent. accuracy $larity &recision

Logic Order ofpresentation


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&larit#

$lear

=)act/ (mbiguity. inconsistency/ @ooly *ords

$oncise/ Least *ords/ hort *ords/ One *ord -s many


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)implif#a ma8ority of B mostat the present time B no*gi-e rise to B causein some cases B sometimesis defined as B isit is belie-ed that B ! thin5on the basis of B by

pooled together B pooledsubseAuent to B after *ith the result that B so that


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*se and "isuse of +nglish

Tense/ &re-iously published *or5: present tense

/ Cour o*n *or5: past tense 'oice/ (cti-e more precise and less *ordy thanpassi-e/ 7ame the agent. e-en !E or *eE

ingulars and plurals


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Bad (riting

@ords don t do 8ustice to your ideas!f multiple mista5es in spelling and synta).

re-ie*er suspects similar sloppiness in the lab


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)t#le

$lear. orderly presentation Reads comfortably cience -s literature


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(riting

Reshape. refine. tighten up uggle *ords. change sentences around trengthen transition bet*een sentences

$hec5 narrati-e flo* (fter se-eral drafts as5 for a secondopinion


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(riting, )entences

Only one idea in a sentence Geep short: /12 *ords 'ary length Long sentences: greater ris5 of grammaticalerror


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(riting, Paragraph

The unit of thought in a group of sentences ubheading o-er each one in early drafts

7ot too long solid bloc5 of printing H/01I*ordsJ Long paragraph: bad


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(riting, -arrative %low

Telling a story Reader follo*s from start to end @riting is seAuential: logic is the glue

entences hold hands mooth transitions =-ery step is ine-itable


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$#ping

$lean @ide margins H1%I cmJ On one side of the sheet only (dherence to the style of the

8ournal &roofread. proofread. proofread


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$orrect use of unitsThe correct term for *eight is mass;nits such as cm>h. mg>mL. mL>5g>min and l>g are *ritten

as cm h40

. mg mL40

. mL 5g40

min40

and

L g40

respecti-ely$entrifugation units gi-en in g 4 i%e% . and for degrees i%e% $

H$elsiusJpace bet*een number and unit H1 cm 7OT 1cmJ

=ffecti-e cientific @riting


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Authorship

Decided as early as possible hould include persons *ho:

/ $an defend the intellectual content. including data

and conclusions/ "ust be *illing to concede publicly any errors/ !n the case of fraud be *illing to state publicly thenature and e)tent. and account for its occurrence

ut ors p


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ut ors p,&riteria

(ll the follo*ing criteria should be met:

/


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Authorship, .rder ome 8ournals use the alphabetical order "ost of them assume an order based on eachauthor s importance to the study

/ The first author is primarily responsible forcollecting and analyzing data. and *riting/ The last one. an established in-estigator.assumes the o-erall responsibility for the study/ The middle authors are listed according to heirorder of importance to the study


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Authorship, esponsi ilities

The authors must comply *ith the follo*ing rules*hen submitting the manuscript for publication:

The manuscript is not under consideration else*here andthe research *ill not be submitted else*here until a final

decision has been made by the 8ournal The manuscript is a trustful. original *or5 *ithoutfabrication. fraud or plagiarism The authors ha-e made an important scientific contributionand are familiar *ith the primary data

The authors ha-e read the manuscript and ta5eresponsibility for its content. and understand that if thepaper. or part of it. is found to be faulty or fraudulent. theyshare responsibility


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Benefits of (riting Benefit greater to author than reader 0nvalua le mental discipline +nhances clear thinking

"aking a su 1ect intelligi le to othersmeans #ou understand it 0mprove #our reading skills )atisfies a creative instinct

Keginnings prepare readers for


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Keginnings prepare readers forunderstanding the *or5

ummary tells readers *hathappens in document

!ntroduction prepares readersfor the middle

Title orients readers todocument


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( document s introduction preparesreaders for the discussion

TopicM!mportanceM

!ntroduction

(rrangementMKac5groundM

The introduction defines the scope


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The introduction defines the scopeand limitations of the *or5

&roposed tudy on =ffects of (lcohol

on Life =)pectancy

Three classes of drin5ers:non4drin5ersmoderate drin5ers

hea-y drin5ers

Ten4year study

Other effects.such as e)ercise.not considered

"edical historiesnot considered@omen may note)perience the

same effects

"en sur-eyed

scope

limitations


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!or&s of (ublishing

3ase reports 3linical pearls Letters to the editor

:oo re#iews *ditorials (oster)paper presentations Re#iew articles Sur#ey articles

Monographs ,riginal research :oo chapters :oo s 6electronic and print9


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,ther 'ays of @etting 1n#ol#ed

Re#iew boo concepts Ser#e on editorial boards (eer re#iew ournal articles Re#iew boo chapters Ser#e as section editor for a boo


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3o&&on :arriers to 'riting

!inding the ti&e to write Selecting a topic !inding colleagues to collaborate with !unding 1nti&idation by the publication process

!ollowing author instructions 1nternal re#iew process (eer re#iew 4cceptance$ &odification$ resub&ission

Re ection


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Ma ing the +i&e to 'rite

Ma e it a priority Schedule ti&e to write each day

,utline your concept 3reate a schedule and stic to it 'or with collaborators @et super#isorFs buy/in

1f you get stuc $ tal with your publisher 8onFt bite off &ore than you can chew


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(lan the (rocess

Ha#e so&ething i&portant to say Enderstand the target audience

'ho cares? Select the right tone and &odel 8eli#ery &ethod 'here to sub&it?

8o your ho&ewor on bac ground andreferences (ay attention to the sub&ission guidelines


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4uthorship 1ssues

Select a lead author at the outset 8ecide how wor will be di#ided

Select co/authors based on what they bring tothe pro ect (lan regular contact with co/authors 4#oid the ego trapF

:e professional$ not political 'riting is a co&&it&ent 4c nowledge contributions appropriately


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+ips on 'riting

'or fro& an outline 8onFt ill your own creati#ity

Ese acti#e #oice *nlighten$ donFt anesthetiCe Ha#e your wor re#iewed prior to

sub&ission 4i& for an error/free final &anuscript Ha#e fun with it


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@eneral +ips

Read good writing 8iscuss your wor $ and the wor of others

Bisit poster sessions 'elco&e your editorFs input Read and reread Elements of Style by

'illia& Strun $ 5r7 and *7:7 'hite 'rite e#ery day 8id 1 &ention ha#e fun?
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020530902Xhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020530902X


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3o&plete (roposals Should 3ontain

State&ent of scope and intent (hysical specifications of the

publication 8raft table of contents Sa&ple &aterial 3urriculu& #ita


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State&ent of Scope and 1ntent

(urpose 4pproach

Sub ect 4udience +i&ing 3onsiderations

1llustrations and !eatures 8eli#ery *le&ents 3o&petition


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(hysical Specifications

+ri& SiCe (rinted (ages 1llustrations ,ther special design ele&ents


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Reference to @et -ou Started

Huth *57 Writing and Publishing In Medicine 7 Nrd ed7 (hiladelphia$ (42 Lippincott'illia&s O 'il ins" ;PPP

1#erson 3$ !lanagin 4$ !ontanarosa (: et al7 American Medical AssociationManual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors 7 Pth ed7 :alti&ore$ M82 'illia&sO 'il ins" ;PPG

Ha&ilton$ 3'7 How to Write and Publish Scientific Papers: Scribing Informationfor Pharmacists 4& 5 Hosp (har& ;PP=>/>

'oodward 8K$ 3lifton @87 "e#elopment of a Successful !esearch Grant Application 4& 5 Hosp (har& ;PP=" >;2G;N/

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