cuprins - gg.unibuc.ro · 4 stabilitatea versan ţilor şi taluzurilor bibliografie § 1....

Cuprins

Prefață .................................................................................................................................... 5

1. Introducere ..................................................................................................................... 11

1.1. Definiţii. Etape, stadii, stiluri şi tipuri de mişcări .......................................................... 12 1.2. Factori ce influenţează producerea alunecărilor de teren .............................................. 23

1.2.1. Factori geologici ............................................................................................. 24 1.2.2. Influenţa apei .................................................................................................. 31

1.2.2.1. Influenţa precipitaţiilor ........................................................................ 31 1.2.2.2. Influenţa procesului de îngheţ-dezgheţ ................................................ 33 1.2.2.3. Variaţii ale nivelului hidrostatic .......................................................... 36

1.2.3. Factori seismici ............................................................................................... 37 1.2.4. Factorul vegetaţie ............................................................................................ 40 1.2.5. Factori antropici .............................................................................................. 44

1.3. Clasificări ...................................................................................................................... 49 Bibliografie §1 ..................................................................................................................... 64 2. Concepte de bază utilizate în analizele de stabilitate .................................................. 71

2.1. Criteriul de rupere Mohr-Coulomb ............................................................................... 71 2.2. Comportament efort-deformaţie .................................................................................... 74 2.3. Evaluarea efectelor generate de prezenţa apei subterane .............................................. 78

2.3.1. Principiul presiunii efective aplicat în analizele de stabilitate ........................ 78 2.3.2. Evaluarea presiunii apei din pori în corpul versanţilor şi taluzurilor .............. 81

2.4. Factorul de stabilitate şi conceptul de echilibrului limită .............................................. 83 Bibliografie §2 ..................................................................................................................... 92 3. Metode de analiză a stabilităţii versanţilor şi taluzurilor ........................................... 93

3.1. Metode a analiză a stabilităţii bazate pe suprafeţe de cedare plane ............................... 97 3.1.1. Metoda taluzului infinit ................................................................................... 97 3.1.2. Metoda Culmann ............................................................................................. 99 3.1.3. Metoda blocurilor conjugate ......................................................................... 101 3.1.4. Metoda blocurilor triple conjugate ................................................................ 104 3.1.5. Metoda generalizată a blocurilor ................................................................... 107

3.2. Suprafeţe de cedare nonplanare ................................................................................... 110 3.2.1. Metoda suedeză (φ=0) ................................................................................... 110 3.2.2. Metoda spiralei logaritmice .......................................................................... 111 3.2.3. Metoda cercului de fricţiune ......................................................................... 113 3.2.4. Metode bazate pe împărţirea în fâşii ............................................................. 118

3.2.4.1. Metoda Fellenius ............................................................................... 118 3.2.4.2. Metoda Bishop ................................................................................... 120 3.2.4.3. Metoda Janbu..................................................................................... 123 3.2.4.4. Metoda Nonveiller ............................................................................. 129 3.2.4.5. Metoda Spencer ................................................................................. 131 3.2.4.6. Metoda Morgenstern şi Price ............................................................. 134

2 Stabilitatea versanţilor şi taluzurilor

3.2.4.7. Metoda generalizată a echilibrului limită .......................................... 137 3.2.4.8. Consideraţii generale ......................................................................... 141

3.3. Grafice de stabilitate.................................................................................................... 143 3.3.1. Grafice de stabilitate Taylor .......................................................................... 145 3.3.2. Grafice de stabilitate Spencer ........................................................................ 147 3.3.3. Grafice de stabilitate Janbu ........................................................................... 148 3.3.4. Grafice de stabilitate taluz infinit .................................................................. 151 3.3.5. Grafice de stabilitate Hunter şi Schuster ....................................................... 155 3.3.6. Grafice de stabilitate Cousins........................................................................ 156 3.3.7. Grafice de stabilitate Michalowski ................................................................ 164

3.4. Metoda elementului finit utilizată în estimarea stabilităţii versanţilor ........................ 167 3.5. Analize de stabilitate 3D ............................................................................................. 172

3.5.1. Metoda Baligh şi Azzouz .............................................................................. 174 3.5.2. Metoda Hovland ............................................................................................ 178 3.5.3. Metoda Chen şi Chameau ............................................................................. 180 3.5.4. Metoda Hungr et.al ....................................................................................... 183 3.5.5. Metodele Michalowski .................................................................................. 185 3.5.6. Metoda Huang et.al ....................................................................................... 193

3.6. Analize de stabilitate în condiţii de solicitări dinamice ............................................... 202 3.6.1. Analiza pseudostatică .................................................................................... 203 3.6.2. Metode de calcul a deplasărilor induse de seism .......................................... 206

3.6.2.1. Modele de tip bloc rigid ..................................................................... 208 3.6.2.1.1. Modelul Newmark ............................................................... 208 3.6.2.1.2. Modelul Sarma .................................................................... 212 3.6.2.1.3. Modelul Franklin şi Chang .................................................. 213 3.6.2.1.4. Modelul Ambraseys - Menu, Srbulov ................................. 213 3.6.2.1.5. Modelul Jibson .................................................................... 215

3.6.2.2. Modele decuplate ............................................................................... 216 3.6.2.2.1. Modelul Makdisi şi Seed ..................................................... 217 3.6.2.2.2. Modelul Hynes-Griffin şi Franklin ...................................... 219

3.6.2.3. Modele cuplate .................................................................................. 220 3.6.2.3.1. Modelul Bray şi Travasarou ................................................ 221

3.7. Metode probabiliste de analiză a stabilităţii ................................................................ 222 3.7.1. Incertitudini în determinarea parametrilor geomecanici ............................... 222 3.7.2. Noţiuni de bază utilizate în analizele probabiliste ......................................... 224 3.7.3. Indicele de reliabilitate .................................................................................. 227 3.7.4. Analiza probabilistă a funcţiilor de performanţă ........................................... 231

3.7.4.1. Metoda seriilor Taylor ....................................................................... 232 3.7.4.2. Metoda estimării punctuale Rosenblueth ........................................... 234 3.7.4.3. Simularea Monte Carlo ...................................................................... 235

3.8. Analize de stabilitate în condiţii particulare ................................................................ 237 3.8.1. Scăderea bruscă a nivelului hidrostatic ......................................................... 237 3.8.2. Versanţi şi taluzuri cu depozite nesaturate .................................................... 244 3.8.3. Analize de stabilitate inverse ........................................................................ 256 3.8.4. Analiza stabilităţii masivelor ce înglobează lucrări de consolidare .............. 259

3.8.4.1. Analiza masivelor ranforsate ............................................................. 260

Introducere 3

3.8.4.1.1. Analize în regim static ......................................................... 260 3.8.4.1.2. Analize de stabilitate în regim dinamic ............................... 263

3.8.4.2. Analiza stabilităţii taluzurilor consolidate cu piloţi ........................... 277 3.8.4.2.1. Modelul deformaţiilor plastice ............................................ 277 3.8.4.2.2. Modelul curgerii plastice ..................................................... 282 3.8.4.2.3. Influenţa piloţilor asupra stabilităţii taluzurilor ................... 284

Bibliografie §3 ................................................................................................ 291

4. Metode de stabilizare a alunecărilor de teren ............................................................ 303

4.1. Aspecte generale ......................................................................................................... 303 4.2. Metode bazate pe descărcarea versanţilor ................................................................... 314 4.3. Metode bazate pe sprijinirea externă a versanţilor ...................................................... 316

4.3.1. Contrabanchete ............................................................................................. 317 4.3.2. Tranşee de fixare ........................................................................................... 320

4.4. Metode bazate pe susţinere internă a versanţilor ........................................................ 323 4.4.1.Consideraţii teoretice generale ....................................................................... 323

4.4.1.1. Împingerea terenurilor-presiunea laterală .......................................... 323 4.4.1.2. Calculul forţelor de împingere în stare de repaus .............................. 328 4.4.1.3. Calculul forţelor de împingere în stările activă şi pasivă ................... 332

4.4.1.3.1. Teoria Coulomb ................................................................... 332 4.4.1.3.2. Teoria Rankine .................................................................... 339 4.4.1.3.3. Calcule bazate pe teoria plasticităţii .................................... 343 4.4.1.3.4. Calculul forțelor de împingere în condiții dinamice ............ 345 4.4.1.3.5. Consideraţii finale privind calculele forţelor de împingere . 350

4.4.2. Sisteme constructive utilizate pentru susţinere a masei alunecătoare ........... 354 4.4.2.1. Lucrări de sprijin de greutate ............................................................. 355 4.4.2.2. Lucrări de susţinere din piloţi, coloane şi barete ............................... 358 4.4.2.3. Lucrări de sprijin ancorate ................................................................. 359

4.5. Metode bazate pe ranforsare masei alunecătoare ........................................................ 362 4.5.1. Ranforsare cu elemente alogene .................................................................... 362 4.5.2. Ranforsare cu coloane de materiale granulare .............................................. 370 4.5.3. Ranforsare cu micropiloţi .............................................................................. 377

4.6. Sisteme de drenaj ........................................................................................................ 380 4.6.1. Sisteme de drenaj de suprafaţă ...................................................................... 380 4.6.2. Sisteme de drenaj de adâncime ..................................................................... 382 4.6.3. Sisteme de drenaj complexe .......................................................................... 386

4.7. Metode bazate tratarea masei alunecătoare ................................................................. 389 4.7.1. Electro-osmoza ............................................................................................. 391 4.7.2. Tratarea termică ............................................................................................ 397 4.7.3. Metode bazate pe injectarea de soluţii şi amestecuri diverse ........................ 398

4.7.3.1. Injectarea de soluţii autoîntăritoare.................................................... 398 4.7.3.2. Amestecuri diverse. Tratarea cu var .................................................. 402

Bibliografie §4 ................................................................................................................405


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