comunicare - neuroscience limbaj_comunicare - integral.pdf · hipocrate-460 î.c. “creierul- cel...
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GÂNDIRE, LIMBAJ
COMUNICARE
Hipocrate- 460 î.c.
“Creierul- cel mai puternic organ
al corpului...”
-Inima sediul mişcării si
vieţii psihice
-T.inexcitabilităţii cerebrale
Aristotel 384-322 î.c.
- Medicul regelui Filip cel frumos
după 1300 scrie: “creierul este...
rece şi umed pt. a diminua
extrema căldură şi uscăciune a
inimii, alb pt. a fi ca o tabula
rasa şi a primi orice imagine, lax
şi moderat de vâscos pt. ca
lucrurile percepute să-l străbată
uşor...
limbaj
comunicare
gândire
forme de
manifestare a
INFORMAŢIEI
”O imagine științifică asupra
lumii care nu înglobează
problemele conștiinței nu poate
avea pretenții serioase de
completitudine. Conștiința este
parte a Universului nostru și deci
orice teorie fizică care nu-i face
loc, eșuează în încercarea de a
da o descriere fidelă a lumii”Încertitudinile rațiunii. Umbrele minții. R. Penrose. Ed. Tehnică. 1999
- amprentă a identității
Gândirea
- forță transformatoare
- factor de sănătate
Halobacteriumsalinarium
Sea squirt
amprentă a identității
Gândirea
”Poate, dacă suntem norocoși, roboții de mâine ne vor păstra ca pe niște animale răsfățate… sau dacă suntem destul de deștepți, am putea transfera roboților ”structurile noastre proprii de informație” R.P
The effects of laughter on post-
prandial glucose levels and gene
expression in type 2 diabetic
patients . Takashi Hayashi , Kazuo Murakami. Life
Sciences 85
In transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, phenotypic information not encoded in DNA sequence is transmitted across generations. In germline-dependent mode, memory of environmental exposure inparental generation is transmitted through gametes, leading to appearance of phenotypes in the unexposed future generations. The memory is considered to be encoded in epigenetic factors like DNAmethylation, histone modifications and regulatory RNAs
Environmental exposure may cause epigenetic modifications in the germline either directly or indirectly through primarily affecting the soma. The latterpossibility is most intriguing because it contradicts the established dogma that hereditary information flows only from germline to soma, not in reverse. As such, identification of the factor(s) mediating soma to germline information transfer in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance would be pathbreaking
Factors such as RNAs and hormones, including neurohormones and europeptides, have previously been considered to potentially mediate soma to germline communication in epigenetic inheritance In last decade, small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwiinteracting RNAs (piRNAs) have emerged as master regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes
It is in this context that we would liketo consider the genomic “darkmatter,”one of the major mysteries of the post-genome era. Perhaps no other topic incontemporary genomics has inspired such diverse viewpoints as the 95% ofthe genome,previously known as “junkDNA,” that does not code for proteins.
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Focus on soma to germline information transfer. A. Sharma Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (2012)
E.O. Wilson has learned a great deal about human behavior by studying ants, termites, and bee
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html
Language defines the very
structure of information.
This is more than an empirical
truth; it is a rational and
scientific necessity; the laws of
nature are a language.
The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the
Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory.
Christopher Michael Langan. 2002.
Maintenance of cognitive control is a major concern for many human disease condition, therefore a major goal of human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate and/or recover cognitive function when such circumstances impair appropriate decision making.
Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive
Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that
Utilizes Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012
A brain-to-brain interface (BTBI)
enabled a real-time transfer of
behaviorally meaningful
sensorimotor information between
the brains of two rats.
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor
Information. Scientific reports.2013
•Snsibilitate odoranta
•Insecte- o mol/ feromon /receptor
•Vertebrate 0,1 picoM- micromolar-
câteva mii-10.000 de mirosuri/
molecule sau grupari chimice
•Suportul genetic pentru receptori:
de la cateva sute la cca 2000 gene
pseudogene
Kaupp U.B. Olfactory signalling in vertebrates and insects: differences
and commonalities Nature Review Neuroscience 2010
The studies show that the onset of the neural events associated with free decisions precede the reported onset of the awareness of intention, and suggest that conscious intention cannot be a causal factor for free decisions.
Filevich E. Brain correlates of subjective freedom of choice. Consciousness and cognition. 22. 2013
Katrin Amunts of the Research Centre
Jülich in Germany and her team
announced that they had done it last
month, when they published a three-
dimensional reconstruction of a human
brain in unprecedented detail. To build it,
they painstakingly sliced the brain of a 65-
year-old woman into 7,400 layers 20
micrometres thick, stained them, imaged
them with a light microscope and then
used 1,000 hours on two supercomputers
to piece the terabyte of data together.
…Jeff Lichtman and Winfried Denk
are working with the German optics
company Carl Zeiss on a new
electron microscope that would
image even thinner slices- 25 nm
“Then you get to see every little
damn thing in the brain, from every
neuron to every subcellular
organelle, from every synapse to
every spine neck.
•The new machines will have 61
scanning beams operating in
parallel and will shrink this time
down to months. Denk estimates
that this will allow them to make a
computational reconstruction- “a
mouse brain in a box”
Denk’s lab scanned minuscule volumes of mouse retina, one of the simplest parts of the mammalian brain. But computing alone was not able to reconstruct the 300 gigabytes of image data the effort generated, so the lab enrolled 230 people to help to trace, by eye, the neurons as they meander through the slices. “We’ll have to develop algorithms to get machines to do the job as well as the human eye.”
Abbott A. Solving the brain. NATURE, 499. 2013.. “The human brain produces in
30 seconds as much data as the Hubble Space Telescope has produced in its lifetime.”
Neuroscience research provides basic discoveries about how the brain works and about how the brain controls behavior. These discoveries are then applied for the good of humankind.
Donald W. Pfaff. Neuroscience in the 21st Century.
From Basic to Clinical. Springer. 2013
”The individuals…having largely increased their needs according as the societies which they formed became larger, had to multiply their ideas to an equivalent extent, and thus felt the need for communicating them to theyr fellows. We may imagine that this will have compelled them to increase and vary in the same degree the signs which they used for communication these ideas…”
Lamarck J B. Philosophie Zoologique. I809
Comunicarea este liantul
Universului holistic
Using MRI scans, scientist can now
read thoughts circulating in our
brains. Scientist can also insert a
chip into the brain of patient who
is totally paralyzed and connect it
to a computer, so that through
thought alone that patient can surf
the web, read, and write e-mails,
play video games, control their
wheel chair, operate housholde
appliance, and manipulate
mechanical arms.
”The question of all questions for humanity, the problem which liesbehind all other and is more interesting than any of them, is of determination of man's place in Nature and his relation to the
Cosmos”. Th. Huxley
Computers are now powerful
enough to record the
electrical signals emanating
from the brain and partially
decode them into a familiar
digital language. This makes
it possible for the brain to
directly interface with
computers to control any
object around it.
Centuries from now, one can
imagine placing our entire
neural blueprint on a laser
beams, which will then sent
into deep space, perhaps the
most convenient way for our
consciousness to explore the
stars.
Scientists are going even
furthure, by connecting the brain
directly to exoskeleton that
these patient can wear around
their paralyzed limbs. One day,
our astronauts may even explore
the planets by mentally
controling mechanical
surrogates from the comfort of
their living rooms.
Part of this rapid progress
has occured because
physicists today have a good
understending of
electromagnetism, which
governs the electrical signal
racing through our neurons.
Maintenance of cognitive control is a major concern for many human disease condition, therefore a major goal of human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate and/or recover cognitive function when such circumstances impair appropriate decision making.
Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that Utilizes Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012
Neuroscience is awaiting for a
breakthrough: An essay bridging the
concepts of Descartes, Einstein,
Heisenberg, Hebb and Hayek with the
explanatory formulations in this special
issue. E. Başar, Karakaş . Intern. J.
Psychophysiology. 60 (2006) 194–201
... understanding the brain/body–mind
complex is possible only when these
three are considered as a holistic
entity and not as discrete structures
or functions.
Câmpul electromagnetic este realitatea fizică cu care suntem în contact permanent şi nemijlocit, deşi nu avem simţuri pentru a o percepe. În odaia în care stăm, în parcurile în care ne plimbăm, în noi înşine, totul este plin de câmp electromagnetic, în fiecare moment, datorită câmpului electromagnetic, fiecare cută a fiinţei noastre este pătrunsă de toate melodiile care se cântă pe Pământ, ba şi de şoapte din afara lui, rostite poate cu miliarde de ani în urmă.
A.Ţugulea- Câmpul electromagnetic? Ed. Agir, 2011
- Canale ionice
- Pompe ionice
- Transportori ionici
Sistemul de transport ionic
membranar (STIM)
Molecule
hidrofobe Subst.
steroidice
O2
CO2N2
Apă
Glicerol
Uree
ZaharozăGlucoză
Na+, H+, K+
Ca2+, Mg2+
HCO3-, Cl-
Molecule
mici
nepolare
Molecule
mari
nepolare
Ioni
Bacteriorodopsina (Alberts
B. 2008)
Extracelular
Citosol
Bistrat
lipidic
(3nm)
Retinal
legat de
lizina
transport pasiv
transport membranar
difuzie
simpla
mediată
de canalemediată de
transportori
mediată de
pompe
transport activ
bistrat
lipidic
canal
proteic transportori
Gradient de
concentraţie
adaptat după MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL. 2008
Distribuţia sarcinilor electrice
Concentraţia intra- extracelulară a
principalilor ioni în celula mamiferelor
(mMol)
Ion Extracelular Intracelular
Na+ 145 12
K+ 4 155
Ca2+ 1.8 0.001(rep)– 0.1(activ.)
Cl– 123 4.2
Mg2+ 1.5 0.8
Potenţial de acţiune
50
0
m
V PA
Na+
K+
Transmiterea şi procesarea
semnalului în sistemul nervos
II. Transmiterea nonsinaptică
Transmiterea efaptică
Transmiterea auto- paracrină
Transmiterea hormonală
I.Transmiterea sinaptică
Transmiterea sinaptică electrică
Transmiterea sinaptică chimică
I. Date generale
SNC - 1011 neuroni;
Transmiterea şi procesarea
semnalului în sistemul nervos
- 1000 sinapse/neuron
- alte mecanisme de comunicare
- neuron=microprocesor ?
Transmiterea şi procesarea
semnalului în sistemul nervosRepere istorice
L.Galvani- electricitatea animală
A.Volta-bateria electrică 1800
1820H.C.Oersted-electromagnetism
1797
Sinapsa chimică
Segment
presinaptic
E
AGONIŞTI
ANTAGONIŞTI
Sinapsă excitatorie
Sinapsă inhibitorie
Celulă
glială
Segment
postsinaptic
Neurotransmiţători cu moleculă mică şi enzimele lor de biosinteză
Neurotransmiţător Enzime Activitate
ACETIL COLINĂ Colin acetiltransferază Specifică
AMINE BIOGENE
Dopamină Tirozin hidroxilază Specifică
Epinefrină Tirozin hidroxilază şi dopamin b hidroxilază
Norepinefrină Tirozin hidroxilază şi dopamin b hidroxilază
Specifică
Serotonină Triptofan hidroxilază Specifică
Histamină Histidin decarboxilază Specificitate incertă
AMINOACIZI
GABA Glutamat decarboxilază Specificitate probabilă
Glutamat Enzime din metabolismul general
Cale specifică nedeterminată
Glicină Enzime din metabolismul general
Cale specifică nedeterminată
Peptide cerebrale neuroactive clasificate după localizarea tisulară
Categoria Peptide
HORMONI ELIBERATORI HIPOTALAMICI
TRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, CRH, GH-RH
HORMONI NEUROHIPOFIZARI Vasopresină, Oxitocină
PEPTIDE HIPOFIZAREACTH, B-endorfină, A-MSH, Prolactină, LH, GH, TSH
PEPTIDE GASTROINTESTINALE
VIP, CCK, Gastrină, Neurotensină, Met-Enkefalină, Leu-Enkefalină, SP, Insulină, Glucagon, Bombezină, Secretină, SST, TRH, Motilină
PEPTIDE CARDIACE PAN
ALTELE
Angiotensina II, Bradikinină, Calcitonină, CGRP, NPYY, Galanină, Substanţa K (Neurokinina A), Peptide de somn
Transportor
de colina
Transportor
Transportor
vezicular de ACh
Muscarinici
carbachol
edrofoniu
Muscarinici
atropina
Sinapsa Colinergica
M.Gravis ?...
ACh
ACh
fizostigmina
vesamicol
hemicolinium
AChAch
AChE
Colina + Ac-Colina + Ac -
ACh
Colina
AcCoA
ChAT
Nicotinici nn.
lobelina
Nicotinici musc.
suxametoniu
Nicotinici nn.
hexametoniu
Nicotinici musc.
D-tubocurarina
BNCh 188
La nivelul cel mai
elementar, noi nu
suntem o reacţie
chimică ci o sarcină electrică...
Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Itzhak Fried and Christof Koch. Brain Cells for
Grandmother Scientific American. 2013
Membrane ATPases are capable
of absorbing energy from
oscillating electric fields of
defined frequency and amplitude
and using it to perform chemical
work. The concept of the
'electroconformational coupling'
is used to explain how an
electric signal can modulate the
activity of a membrane protein. Tsong TY. Deciphering the language of cells. Trends Biochem.Sci 1989
A brilliant new scientific
landscape that will reshape
human destiny is now trully
opening up. We are now
entering a new golden age of
neuroscience.
Consciuosness is just another state
of matter, likea solid, liquid or gas
Max Tegmark. Solid. Liquid. Consciousness. New Scientist. 2014
Suntem
ale Pământului,
Vlăstare
de Puterea
însufleţite
Gândului
Tinere