comenzi ubuntu

8/10/2019 Comenzi Ubuntu

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Comenzi utile in Ubuntu

sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386

INSTALEAZA: sudo apt-get install ia32-lis !! sudo apt-get install uild-essential !! sudo apt-get install "# !! sudo dpkg --con#igure -a

sudo dpkg--#orce-architecture -i $our#ilena%e&de

SA' :

sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386 !! sudo apt-get install ia32-lis

http://www.videotutorial.ro/?p=4239

'pgradeLa 'r%atoarea (ersiune

)& sudo apt-get update !! sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

2& sudo update-%anager -d3& upgrade

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo update-manager d

sudo update-manager d

'*+ATE*rogra%sudo apt-get update !! sudo apt-get upgrade

tergere progra%esudo apt-get re%o,e *./A0

sudo apt-get autore%o,e
http://www.blog.chestiiutile.com/sisteme-de-operare/ubuntu/comeni-utile-in-ubunt.htmlhttp://www.blog.chestiiutile.com/sisteme-de-operare/ubuntu/comeni-utile-in-ubunt.htmlhttp://www.videotutorial.ro/?p=4239http://www.blog.chestiiutile.com/sisteme-de-operare/ubuntu/comeni-utile-in-ubunt.htmlhttp://www.blog.chestiiutile.com/sisteme-de-operare/ubuntu/comeni-utile-in-ubunt.htmlhttp://www.blog.chestiiutile.com/sisteme-de-operare/ubuntu/comeni-utile-in-ubunt.htmlhttp://www.blog.chestiiutile.com/sisteme-de-operare/ubuntu/comeni-utile-in-ubunt.htmlhttp://www.videotutorial.ro/?p=4239


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AratCalendarul Specificat cal 10 2011 ( luna 10 anul 2011

1get http:111&adresa --descarca progra%

lshw -- Detalii CPU

lsb_release -a Versiunea Ubuntu

uname -r Vezi kernel instalat ( ex: 2.6.35-32-generic

)

Acr!a Per"isiunea De A #!i$ica Cntinutul Unui %l!er

(C&'-Paste)

sudo chownuser a!resa $l!er

c& c&' c&iaz*

ls list listeaz* (a$i+eaz*)

"k!ir "ake !irectr' creeaz* !irectr

", ",e "ut*

c,lc tt&:u/.sk'.$":01sk'azzclassicsaac&lus

44 Desci!e A!resa cu VC $ara inter$ata c"&leta

Creaza Executabil Din SCRIP Pus In TXT

chmod +x sopcast-player-nume fisier

EX: chmod +x sopcast-player-channels-ro

.sopcast-player-cannels-r D7C89D %isier

rea4a de 5 Instalea4a : sudo apt-get install alien

Dupa instalare dai comanzi :
http://www.adresa/http://www.adresa/


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sudo alien -d 7&7

dpkg-deb -b nume pachet sursa nume pachet.deb

EX : dpkg-deb -b tvmaxe tvmaxe.deb

EX: dpkg-deb -b cnijfilter-mp210series_2.80-1_i386 cnijfilter-mp210series_2.80-1_i386.deb

sudo alien -d 7&tar&g4

CREARE FISIER .DEB DINTR-O ARHIVA

If your build from source is successful, you can make a Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb) for future

use:

Install package tools:

sudo apt-get install checkinstall

sudo apt-get install intltool

cd/path

sudo checkinstall -D install=no - creeza un pachet deb, pe care s

nu-l instaleze

./configure

sudo make

sudo checkinstall

sudo dpkg -ipackagename&de

sudo!&kg -i .!eb instaleaza rice !eb

sudo dpkg -i *.deb cnij *.deb --Cauta si instaleaza orice deb

su! !&kg -i .!eb .!eb

tar -4# install9Nu%e *rogra%&tar&g4 5orice &tar

sudo alien -d 7&tar&g4
http://amdo68.blogspot.com/2011/01/creare-fisier-deb-dintr-o-arhiva.htmlhttp://amdo68.blogspot.com/2011/01/creare-fisier-deb-dintr-o-arhiva.htmlhttp://amdo68.blogspot.com/2011/01/creare-fisier-deb-dintr-o-arhiva.htmlhttp://amdo68.blogspot.com/2011/01/creare-fisier-deb-dintr-o-arhiva.htmlhttp://amdo68.blogspot.com/2011/01/creare-fisier-deb-dintr-o-arhiva.htmlhttp://amdo68.blogspot.com/2011/01/creare-fisier-deb-dintr-o-arhiva.html


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sudo alien -i 7&tar&g4

sudo alien -d 7&rp%

sudo alien -d 7&tar

Alte co%en4i alian :

-d --to-de

-r --to-rp%

-t --to-tg4

--to-slp

-p --to-pkg

-i --install

Instalea4a orice +E;

sudo dpkg -i scan *.deb

sudo dpkg -i cnij *.deb

Install .tar

install tar -z! Nume "ro#ram.tar.#z $ori%e .tar &

%' Nume "ro#ram

.(install.s)

.(%on!i#ure

ma*e

su'o ma*e install


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-----------------------

Comanda cd .. --ne muta inapoi cu un director

cd --ne muta in directorul home

Creare Fisier Text touch nume fisier EX : touch test.txt

Deschidere si editare

gedit nume fisier

Vizualizarea fisier text

cat nume fifier

Stergerea

rm nume fisier

Crearea Director mkdir nume Stergerea Directorului

rm -rf nume

Copierea Fisier txt in alt Foldercp nume fisier(adresa) Folder dorit(adresa)

Stergerea FisierAvem creat fisier Test.txt Pe Desktop

rm adresa

EX : rm Desktop/Test.txt(sau alta cale)

Mutarea mv nume (adresa) locatia +nume

Avem pe Desktop Test.txt

EX : mv Desktop/Test.txt Documente/Test.txt Putem modifica numele

mv Desktop/Test.txt Documente/12.txt(VEZI DIFERENTA)

Creare fisier in Alta Locatie fare a navigatouch Documente/... nume.txt

EX : touch Documente/AA/Testare.txt

Stergere mv Documente/AA/Testare.txt Desktop


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PUTEM FOLOSI * .extensie(*.txt)

Instalarea Programelor .bin

c"! ;x ur%ile.bin

s .nu"e &acet.bin

Cauta Program: apt-cache search nume program ( ex : skype )

Comanda clear sterge afisajele comenzilor efectuate (ecran curat ) ca si cumdeschidem acum terminalul .

*t a


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Arhivare FOLDER --- Se creaza folder arhivat care contine fisierul Sau............

Avem pe Desktop un FOLDER cu numele Bune

scriem : zip -r ./nume dotit ./nume folder

Ex : Avem pe Desctop document Comenzi

zip -r ./123 ./Comenzi

Pt folder la fel :

avem folder 11 si arhivam cu numele Bun

scriem : zip -r ./Bun ./11

Va apre zip Bun cu folderul 11 in el

Dezarhivarea se face cu o singura comanda pentru fisiere si pentru folder

Avem zip pe Desktop cu numele VC.zip

scriem : unzip VC.zip

Arhivare in format TAR

Avem pe Desktop folder VC

Scriem : tar -czvf nume dorit.tar.gz .gz nume folder de arhivat

Adica : tar -czvf Proba.tar.gz VC

Extragerea(Dezarhivare) din TAR GZAvem arhiva 123.tar.gz

Scriem : tar -zxvf 123.tar.gz

Arhivare in format TAR BZ

Avem pe Desktop VC --asemanatoare

Scriem : tar -cjvf cUCu.tar.bz VC

Va apare cUCu.tar.bz

Dezarhivarea TAR BZ

Avem pe desktop ASA.tar.bz

Scriem : tar -jxvf ASA.tar.bz

STERGEREA

Avem pe Desktop VC

Scriem : rm -rf VC


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Adaugare -Instalare PPA

Adaugare in Synaptiv

sudo add-apt-repository si copiem adresa ppa

EX: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:chromium-daily/ppa

Acest ppa se afla la adresa :

https://launchpad.net/~chromium-daily/+archive/ppa(ppa se imbunatateste, se schimba)

Instalare : sudo apt-get install nume program sudo dpkg -i *.deb --Orice deb

Dezinstalare(unistall ) : sudo apt-get remove (purge ) nume programVor ramine programe rezidente. Imediat Se da comanda :

sudo apt-get autoremove

tergerea PPA : EX : sudo ppa-purge libreoffice

sudo ppa-purge ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes

Update -- upgrade ---Se face o data la saptamina sudo apt-get update --Verifica daca sunt pachete noi

sudo apt-get upgrade --Incarca pachetele noi

sudo!&kg -r &acet --sterge &acet

sudo dpkg -i scan *.deb cnij*.deb --Cauta si instaleaza orice deb

su! !&kg -i .!eb .!eb

Instalarea Programelor dupinstalarea PPA Instalarea se face astfel : Synaptic/Reincarca(stinga-sus) /Scrie nume ppa

adaugat/selecteaza/Aplica

IMPORTANT : Dupa adaugare se face update : sudo apt-get update

Apoi Instalarea : sudo apt-get install chromium-browser(SAU alt pachet)
https://launchpad.net/~chromium-daily/+archive/ppa(ppahttps://launchpad.net/~chromium-daily/+archive/ppa(ppa


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Comenzi rapiden UbuntuDe Damien Oh| 14 iulie 2008 |

Pentru cei care iubitorii de tasta de acces rapid acolo, aici este o lunga lista de comenzi rapide de la

tastaturpentru Ubuntu Hardy. Cele mai multe dintre ele ar trebui slucrezen versiunea anterioarde Ubuntu, de asemenea. Bucurai-vde lista.

Comenzi rapide generale de la tastaturCtrl + A= SelecteaztoateCtrl + C= Copiazconinutul evideniatn clipboardCtrl + V= Lipire coninutul clipboardCtrl + N= Nou (Creai un nou document, nun terminal)Ctrl + O= Deschide un dosar din Nautilus--explaorer

Ctrl + S= Salvai documentul curentCtrl + P= Tiprete documentul curentCtrl + W= nchide documentul de aproape

Ctrl + Q= Quit curent cererea

Comenzi rapide de la tastaturpentru desktopul GNOME

Ctrl + Alt + F7= Restorenapoi la sesiunea terminalul curent cu XCtrl + Alt + Backspace= restarteazGNOMEAlt + Tab= Comutarentre programe deschiseCtrl + Alt + L= Blocare ecran.

Alt + F1= deschide meniul AplicaiiAlt + F2= deschide caseta de dialog Run Application.

Alt + F3= deschide Applet Deskbar

Alt + F4= inchide fereastra curent.Alt + F5= unmaximizes ferestrei curente.

Alt + F7= mutai fereastra curentAlt + F8= redimensioneazfereastra curent.Alt + F9= minimizeazfereastra curent.Alt + F10= maximizeazfereastra curent.Alt + Space= deschide meniul fereastr.Ctrl + Alt + += Comutare la urmtoarea rezoluie XCtrl + Alt + -= Comutare la rezoluie anterioarX
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dubuntu%2Bkeys%2Bcreate%2Bshortcut%26hl%3Dro%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D858%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://maketecheasier.com/author/Damien_Oh&usg=ALkJrhj3SimFtvNoyS6OkaHKpnMQx0Pk0whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dubuntu%2Bkeys%2Bcreate%2Bshortcut%26hl%3Dro%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D858%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://maketecheasier.com/author/Damien_Oh&usg=ALkJrhj3SimFtvNoyS6OkaHKpnMQx0Pk0whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=ro&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dubuntu%2Bkeys%2Bcreate%2Bshortcut%26hl%3Dro%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D858%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.ro&sl=en&u=http://maketecheasier.com/author/Damien_Oh&usg=ALkJrhj3SimFtvNoyS6OkaHKpnMQx0Pk0w


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Ctrl + Alt + stnga / dreapta= muta la spaiul de lucru urmtoare / anterioar

Comenzi rapide de la tastaturpentru Terminal

Ctrl + A= Mutcursorul lanceputul linieiCtrl + E= Mutcursorul la sfritul linieiCtrl + C= ucide actualul proces.

Ctrl + Z= trimite procesul actual de fundal.

Ctrl + D= busteni te va scoate.

Ctrl + R= constatultimei comenzi se potrivesc cu literele introduse.Introducei o scrisoare, urmatde Tab + Tab= listeazcomenzile disponibilencepnd cuaceste litere.

Ctrl + U= Sterge linia curenta.

Ctrl + K= Sterge comanda de la dreapta cursorului.

Ctrl + W= Sterge cuvntulnainte de a cursorului.

Ctrl + L= terge terminalul de ieireShift + Ctrl + C= copiai comanda evideniatn clipboard.Shift + Ctrl + V (sau Shift + Insert)= lipete coninutul din Clipboard.Alt + F= se micnainte un cuvnt.Alt + B= mutnapoi cu un cuvnt.SgeatSus / Jos= comanda istorie cutaShift + PageUp / PageDown= Scroll terminal ieire

Comenzi rapide de la tastaturpentru Compiz

Alt + Tab= comutareantre ferestrele deschiseWin + Tab= comutantre ferestrele deschise cu Shift Switchersau SwitcherefectInelWin + E= Expo, arattoate spaiului de lucruCtrl + Alt + Jos= Efect de film

Ctrl + Alt + left mouse button= Rotire Desktop Cube

Alt + Shift + Up= Scale pentru Windows

Ctrl + Alt + D= Afiai versiunea desktopWin + left mouse button= ia screenshot pe zona selectatWin + rotia mouse-ului= Zoom In / OutAlt + rotia mouse-ului= Transparent WindowAlt + F8= RedimensioneazfereastraAlt + F7= MutfereastraWin + P= AdaugHelperF9= aratwidget stratShift + F9= aratefectele apWin + Shift + left mouse button= Foc Efecte

Win + Shift + C= efecte clare de foc

Win + left mouse button= Adnotai: EgalWin + 1= adnotare pe Start

Win + 3= adnotare EndWin + S= selecteazferestre pentru grupareaWin + T= Grupa Windowsmpreun


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Win + U= Anulare grupare pentru Windows

Win + Left / Right= Flip pentru Windows

Rapidde la tastaturpentru Nautilus

Shift + Ctrl + N= Create New Folder

Ctrl + T= Sterge fisierul selectat (e)n coul de gunoiAlt + Enter= AratFile / Folder PropertiesCtrl + 1= Comutare Vezi ca pictograme

Ctrl + 2= Comutare Vezi ca listShift + Dreapta= Open Directory (Doarn vizualizarea List)Shift + Left= Directory trage in jos (numain vizualizarea List)Ctrl + S= SelecteazmodelF2= File Rename

Ctrl + A= Selecteaztoate fiierele i folderele

Ctrl + W= Inchide fereastraCtrl + Shift + W= Close All Nautilus pentru Windows

Ctrl + R= RencarcNautilus WindowAlt + Up= Deschide directorul parinte

Alt + left= Inapoi

Alt + Dreapta= Forward

Alt + Home= Du-te la dosarul AcasCtrl + L= Du-te la bar locaieF9= AratsidepaneCtrl + H= Afiarea fiierelor ascunseCtrl + += Zoom In

Ctrl + -Zoom Out =

Ctrl + 0= dimensiunea normal

(Pentru cei care doresc svconfigurai propriile comenzi rapide de la tastatur, o poi face laSystem-> Preferences-> Scurtturi tastatur.)

Care este dumneavoastrpreferat comenzi rapide de la tastatur? Existmai de comenzi rapide carele-am lsat pe dinafar? Las-mstiun comentariu i voi aduga inch

A) Structura comenzilorn GNU/Linux

Datoritavantajelor sale, comenzile sunt des utilizaten Linux. De cele mai multe ori cnd unnceptor are nevoie de ajutor i apeleazla alte persoane pe un forum specializat, rspunsurileprimite vor fi sub forma unor comenzi.

Pentru a fi memorate i folosite cu succes, comenzile trebuienelese. n principiu o comandeste oscurtpropoziie: computer fasta deci subiect+predicat+complement! Dar cumntotdeaunasubiectul este acelai (computerul/calculatorul/PC-ul/maina sau indiferent cum altfell numim), nue necesar saparn comand, este subneles... Aadar rmn doar predicatul i complementul,altfel spus comanda (aciunea) i argumentele necesare aciunii. Da, de multe ori avem nevoie de


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mai multe argumente, deci sintaxa va fi:

aciune argument_1 argument_2 ... argument_nDeasemeni e bine de reinut ca aceste comenzi sunt prescurtri ale cuvintelor din limba englez:cd= change directory= schimbdirectorul (folderul) curentcp= copy = copiazls= list= listeaz(afieaz)mkdir= make directory= creeazdirectormv= move= mutrm= remove=nltur/ terge

Sexemplificm:1)cd /home/user/Desktop =>comanda aceasta va schimba directorul curentn directorul

/home/user/Desktop, adicne va mutan acel director. Aceastniruire care poate prea greoaieeste necesarpt. a arta sistemului calea exact(path) ctre acel director. Dacsuntemn directorul

/home/user ajunge comanda cd Desktop, deoarece sistemul vede directorul Desktopn directorulcurent. Dar dacsuntemn / sau /usr/bin sau /home/user/Downloads, deoarece aceste directoare nuconin un director Desktop vom primi outputul (ieirea, rspunsul, eroarea) bash: cd: Desktop: Nosuch file or directory! De aceea trebuie folositcalea exact!2)cp file.txt Documents =>comandce va muta fiierul numit file.txtn directorul Documents. Seobservcam pusnti aciunea dorit(copiere) apoi argumentele necesare (ce mutm + undemutm). Argumentele sunt daten aceastordine: 1- fiierul/directorul surs, 2- fiierul/directoruldestinaie...3)rm rf Muzic =>aceastcomandterge de pe maindirectorul Muzic. Dar dacdirectorulnu e gol (conine alte directoare i fiiere), sistemul nu va executa aciunea dorit! Pentru aceasta

adugm comenzii unele OPIUNI,n cazul nostru -rf (opiunile sunt precedate de o liniu-). r=recursive= se aplicatt directoruluin cauzct i subdirectoarelor i fiierelor coninute, iar f=force = forat = nu ne intereseazcdirectorul nu e gol, sau ce important, nu ne intereseazprerea sitemului. Deci, opiunea f= force trebuie folositcu ATENIE!!!4)sudo aptitude install vlc sau sudo apt-get install vlc =>comandcare va instala aplicaiamultimedia vlc. Sudo vine de la superuser do (facem ceva cu drepturi de root/superuser, avem

drepturi depline pe sistem), aptitude (apt-get) este numele utilitarului cu care administrm aplicaii,install= instaleaz, vlc= programul pe care dorim s-l instalm.5)chmod 777 /home/user/Director =>chmod= change mod= schimbpermisiunile/atributele/drepturile unui director/fiier, 777 sunt permisiunile daten cifre,

/home/user/Director este directorul cruia dorim s-i modificm permisiunile.6)rm -f /home/user/.* =>comandcare terge toate fiierele a cror denumirencepe cu . icontinucu orice i oricte caractere. Sunt fiierele de configurare i sunt ascunse (punnd punctnfaa numelui unui fiier/directorl ascundem. Aceastcomandeste foarte utiln cazuln care amfcut modificrin sistem sau aplicaii, avem unele probleme i nu tim sremediem sau srevenimla setrile anterioare. Duprularea comenzii vom avea un sistem virgin, cu toate setrile iniiale(tem, wallpaper, setri aplicaii, conexiune net, semne de carten Firefox, etc.), i evident amscpat de setrile problematice.7)rm -rf / =>ESTE O COMANDEXTREM DE PERICULOAS, TERGE PARTIIA /(ROOT)!!! NU O RULAI NICIODAT! O DAU PENTRU UN SINGUR MOTIV: NAINTE DE

A DA O COMANDINCERCAI SNELEGEI CE VA FACE ACEASTCOMAND!!!n cazul acesta rm= remove= terge, -rf= recursiv+forat= se aplictuturor directoarelor ifiierelor, indiferent dace o prostie, / este directorul root, rdcina sistemului de fiiere, efectiv


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curm TOT...8)Vei primi eroare la unele din aceste comenzi. Motivul: nu avei permisiunea de a le folosi!Soluia: trebuie sdevenii root/superuser (sudo su, sau sudo su -, sau activai contul de root), sau scptai drepturile de root/superuser pentru o anumitperioad(sudo pusnaintea comenzii date).Descoperii singuri care sunt cazurilen care trebuie cptate drepturi suplimentare, sunt convins caa veinva mult mai multe i mai uor!

Cteva comenzi mai des utilizate se gsesc la:http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q k3aVXn3pGA

http://ss64.com/bash/

Cred cai observat cam folosit caracterul * pentru anlocui unul sau mai multe caractere (litere,cifre). * i alte asemenea simboluri se numesc metacaractere (wildcards), i sunt foarte utile.Metacaractere sunt: *, -, ?, [ ], etc. De fapt aproape toate simbolurile non-alfanumerice (deci care nu

sunt litere sau cifre). Singurele caractere non-alfanumerice care nu sunt metacaractere sunt punctul

(.) i linia jos ( _ ).

Comenzile se pot grupa, deci putem da simultan 2 sau mai multe comenzi, desprite de unelesimboluri:

1)comenzi frlegturntre ele, comenzi executate pe rnd (comenzi legate prin ;): pwd; ls -l pwd= aratn ce director suntem, ls -l= aratconinutul directorului,dar nu este influenatde prima comandsau invers, ambele comenzi se pot da separat cu aceleairezultate, sau se poate inversa ordinea lor...:

camelia@stressat ~$ pwd; ls -l

/home/camelia

total 734100

-rw-rw-r-- 1 camelia camelia 43 2010-01-20 17:59 cityfm_128.m3u

drwxrwxrwx 2 camelia camelia 4096 2010-03-06 16:13 Desktop/-rw-r--r-- 1 camelia camelia 7676015 2010-02-14 08:49 dixit.qdb

drwxr-xr-x 7 camelia camelia 4096 2010-02-14 08:44 Documents/

drwxr-xr-x 8 camelia camelia 4096 2010-03-06 20:44 Downloads/

... etc. Sunt prea multe linii pentru a fi afiate aici.

2)comenzi interdependente: a doua comandse executasupra rezultatului primei comenzi, cucondiia ca prima comandssencheie cu succes (comenzi legate prin &&): cd /home/user/Documents && ls -l mainti schimbm directorul, apoi vremstim ce conine:camelia@stressat Desktop $ cd /home/camelia/Documents && ls -l

total 139244

drwxrwxr-x 2 camelia camelia 4096 2010-03-07 11:34 1-Tutoriale/

-rwxrwxrwx 1 camelia camelia 1247064 2009-09-10 18:37

5151_100_Linux_Tips_and_Tricks.PDF*

-rwxrwxrwx 1 camelia camelia 51952 2009-09-26 18:53 asher-samurai-jack.png*

-rw-rw-r-- 1 camelia camelia 253159 2010-01-17 17:53 atheros.pdf

drwxrwxr-x 3 camelia camelia 4096 2010-01-27 19:58 bash-Mandriva/

drwxrwxr-x 2 camelia camelia 4096 2010-01-27 19:57 bash-Sabayon/

-rwxrwxrwx 1 camelia camelia 729088 2009-08-01 11:57 carte linux.doc*-rwxrwxrwx 1 camelia camelia 21504 2009-08-01 11:53 Comenzi Linux.doc*
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8uQA3V6ayIMJ:files.fosswire.com/2007/08/fwunixref.pdf+fosswire.com&hl=ro&gl=ro&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi5fEHCmwFuz8DUdveeSFQgZtQFYuaGzdTcFAQecoGG50cAF17bmfxunxQDo9UfNorhV1QXnrWJU0nIQSKOFQuqpbbZbLIlPgWDCNDNwc1xsF3WUBDQ8cAi4JaX4mdBIVq4Idju&sig=AHIEtbTrM9IWIUX01NT2S3Kck3aVXn3pGAhttp://ss64.com/bash/http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8uQA3V6ayIMJ:files.fosswire.com/2007/08/fwunixref.pdf+fosswire.com&hl=ro&gl=ro&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi5fEHCmwFuz8DUdveeSFQgZtQFYuaGzdTcFAQecoGG50cAF17bmfxunxQDo9UfNorhV1QXnrWJU0nIQSKOFQuqpbbZbLIlPgWDCNDNwc1xsF3WUBDQ8cAi4JaX4mdBIVq4Idju&sig=AHIEtbTrM9IWIUX01NT2S3Kck3aVXn3pGAhttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8uQA3V6ayIMJ:files.fosswire.com/2007/08/fwunixref.pdf+fosswire.com&hl=ro&gl=ro&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi5fEHCmwFuz8DUdveeSFQgZtQFYuaGzdTcFAQecoGG50cAF17bmfxunxQDo9UfNorhV1QXnrWJU0nIQSKOFQuqpbbZbLIlPgWDCNDNwc1xsF3WUBDQ8cAi4JaX4mdBIVq4Idju&sig=AHIEtbTrM9IWIUX01NT2S3Kck3aVXn3pGAhttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8uQA3V6ayIMJ:files.fosswire.com/2007/08/fwunixref.pdf+fosswire.com&hl=ro&gl=ro&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi5fEHCmwFuz8DUdveeSFQgZtQFYuaGzdTcFAQecoGG50cAF17bmfxunxQDo9UfNorhV1QXnrWJU0nIQSKOFQuqpbbZbLIlPgWDCNDNwc1xsF3WUBDQ8cAi4JaX4mdBIVq4Idju&sig=AHIEtbTrM9IWIUX01NT2S3Kck3aVXn3pGAhttp://ss64.com/bash/


14/26

Spuneam cprima comandtrebuie sfie corect, ssencheie cu succes, altfel a doua comandnu se poate aplica, e inutil:camelia@stressat ~$ cd /home/user/Documents && ls -l

bash: cd: /home/user/Documents: No such file or directory

Greeala este usern loc de numele corect al userului (n acest caz camelia).camelia@stressat ~$ cd /home/camelia/Documens && ls -l

bash: cd: /home/camelia/Documens: No such file or directory

Greeala acum este Documensn loc de Documents.

3)comenzi interdependente: a doua comandse executDOAR dacprima deroare(comenxilegate prin ||):

cd proba || mkdir -p proba =>vrem sne mutmn directorul proba, dacel exista douacomandnu se mai execut, dar dacnu exist, intervine a doua comand, carel creeaz:camelia@stressat ~$ cd proba

bash: cd: proba: No such file or directory

camelia@stressat ~$ cd proba || mkdir proba

bash: cd: proba: No such file or directory

camelia@stressat ~$ cd proba

camelia@stressat proba $ Observm cs-a creat directorul proba...

B)Permisiunile/drepturile fiierelor/directoarelor

Un alt aspect cam neneles denceptori se referla permisiunile/drepturile/atributele fiierelor idirectoarelor. Spre deosebire de Windows, sistemele Linux au o politicstrictde departajare autilizatorilor. De obicei ca user obinuit vom avea dreptul de a face tot ce vremn directorul nostrupersonal (/home/user), dar nu in directoarele altor utilizatori (/ este directorul userului root,

/home/dan este directorul altui user/dan).

Aceste drepturi asupra obiectelor sempartn trei categorii: 1) read= citire= r= 4

2)write= scriere= w= 2

3)execute= execuie= x= 1

i se dau pentru trei categorii de utilizatori: proprietarul obiectului, grupul proprietarului, restullumii. Aceste drepturi de acces se pot scrien forma rwx sau 7 ( r+w+x => 4+2+1=7) pt. drepturidepline, sau r-x respectiv 5 (r+x => 4+1=5) pt. permisiuni de citire i execuie, dar nu de scriere(modificare a coninutului).Pentru a vedea drepturile de acces asupra unui obiect folosim comanda ls -l (ls -l file pt. Fiierulfile, sau ls -l pt. toate obiectele din directoruln care suntem (subdirectoare i fiiere). Pentru avedea i fiierele ascunse comanda este ls -al.Outputul (rspunsul sistemului) va fi ceva de forma:

dan@stressat Documents $ ls -l

total 139244

drwxrwxr-x 2 dan dan 4096 2010-03-07 08:18 1-Tutoriale/


15/26

-rwxrwxrwx 1 dan dan 1247064 2009-09-10 18:37 5151_100_Linux_Tips_and_Tricks.PDF*

-rw-rw-r-- 1 dan dan 3645 2010-01-09 12:37 Alex-linux-counter-500412.png

-rwxrwxrwx 1 dan dan 51952 2009-09-26 18:53 asher-samurai-jack.png*

-rw-rw-r-- 1 dan dan 253159 2010-01-17 17:53 atheros.pdf

Permisiunile de care vorbim sunt: rwxrwxrwx. Grupate pe useri ar fi cam aa: rwx rwx rwx, trei

grupuri de litere rwx. Primul grup reprezintdrepturile proprietarului, al doilea grup drepturileuserilor din grupul proprietarului, al treilea grup drepturile celorlali, ale altor useri (cei ce nu suntnici proprietari nici nu suntn grupul acestuia). n exemplul de mai sus proprietarul e dan, iar grupulsu tot dan. rwxrwxrwx aratfaptul ctoatlumea (proprietar, grupul acestuia, restul lumii) audrepturi depline asupra obiectului (citire+scriere+execuie). Dacun user nu are un drept n loc deacest drept vom avea o linie -.

d-ul din faa liniei drwxrwxr-x 2 dan dan 4096 2010-03-07 08:18 1-Tutoriale/ aratcobiectuleste un director.

Urmtoarele caractere ne aratdrepturile asupra obiectului: drepturi depline pt. proprietar i grup,drepturi de citire i execuie (pt. directoare execuienseamndeschidere) pt. ceilali, dar nu i dreptde scriere. n loc de w avem o linie -, ceea ce reprezintfaptul caceti useri nu pot modificaconinutul obiectului deci nu au drept de scriere... n cifre drepturile se scriu 775.

Liniua din faa liniei -rw-rw-r-- 1 dan dan 253159 2010-01-17 17:53 atheros.pdf aratcavem de a face cu un fiier. Drepturile asupra acestui fiier sunt rw-rw-r--, drept de scriere+citire,nu i de execuie pt. proprietar i grupul su, respectiv drept de citire (nu i scriere i execuie) pt.restul lumii). n cifre drepturile ar fi: 664.

a)Modificarea drepturilor de acces se face prin comanda chmod.

Exemplu: chmod 777 /home/user/Tutoriale/*

chmod -R 777 /home/user/Tutoriale

Aceastcomandva da drepturi depline tuturor asupra directorului Tutoriale si asupra tuturorfiierelor coninute de acesta! Detalii aflai cu ajutorul comenzii chmod --help

IMPORTANT:

Daccineva e dispus sfaccompletri, sdezvolte subiectul, smodifice stilulntr-unul maipenelesulnceptorilor, poate copia textul, s-ladapteze/modifice/completeze/mbunteasci sfacalt post, cu singura condiie smanune pt. a terge postul sta (nu are rost saglomerm inutil forumul), sau dace admin s-

l teargpersonal!!!

An A-Z Index of the Bash command line for

Linux. a!!user A!! a user t te s'ste" a!!gru& A!! a gru& t te s'ste" alias Create an alias ?
http://ss64.com/bash/alias.htmlhttp://ss64.com/bash/alias.html


16/26

a&r&s 7earc 8el& "anual &ages ("an -k) a&t-get 7earc $r an! install s$t@are &ackages (DebianUbuntu) a&titu!e7earc $r an! install s$t@are &ackages (DebianUbuntu) as&ell 7&ell Cecker a@k %in! an! e&lace textB !atabase srt,ali!atein!exb basena"e7tri& !irectr' an! su$$ix $r" $ilena"es

bas


17/26

ex&an! Cn,ert tabs t s&aces ex&rt 7et an en,irn"ent ,ariable ex&r ,aluate ex&ressins$ $alse D ntingB unsuccess$ull' $!$r"at@-le,el $r"at a $l&&' !isk $!isk Partitin table "ani&ulatr $r inux

$g 7en! b t $regrun!$gre& 7earc $ile(s) $r lines tat "atc a $ixe! string $ile Deter"ine $ile t'&e $in! 7earc $r $iles tat "eet a !esire! criteria $"t e$r"at &aragra& text $l! Hra& text t $it a s&eci$ie! @i!t. $r x&an! wordsB an! execute commands $r"at %r"at !isks r ta&es $ree Dis&la' "e"r' usage $sck %ile s'ste" cnsistenc' ceck an! re&air $t& %ile Irans$er Prtcl $unctinDe$ine %unctin #acrs $user 9!enti$'kill te &rcess tat is accessing a $ile

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icn, Cn,ert te caracter set $ a $ile i! Print user an! gru& i!Gs i$ Cn!itinall' &er$r" a c""an! i$cn$igCn$igure a net@rk inter$ace i$!@n 7t& a net@rk inter$ace

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l&rint Print a $ile l&rint! Abrt a &rint b l&rintM ist te &rint Mueue l&r" e",e bs $r" te &rint Mueue
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18/26

ls ist in$r"atin abut $ile(s) ls$ ist &en $iles" "ake ec"&ile a gru& $ &rgra"s "an 8el& "anual "k!ir Create ne@ $l!er(s) "k$i$ #ake %9%=s (na"e! &i&es)

"kis$s Create an 'bri! 97=N661K=9I8%7 $iles'ste" "kn! #ake blck r caracter s&ecial $iles "re Dis&la' ut&ut ne screen at a ti"e "unt #unt a $ile s'ste" "tls #ani&ulate #7-D=7 $iles "tr


19/26

se! 7trea" !itr select Acce&t ke'bar! in&ut seM Print nu"eric seMuences set #ani&ulate sell ,ariables an! $unctins s$t& 7ecure %ile Irans$er Prgra" si$t 7i$t &sitinal &ara"eters s&t 7ell =&tins

sut!@n7ut!@n r restart linux slee& Dela' $r a s&eci$ie! ti"e slcate %in! $iles srt 7rt text $iles surce un c""an!s $r" a $ile F.G s&lit 7&lit a $ile int $ixe!-size &ieces ss 7ecure 7ell client (re"te lgin &rgra") strace Irace s'ste" calls an! signals su 7ubstitute user i!entit' su! xecute a c""an! as anter user su" Print a cecksu" $r a $ile sus&en! 7us&en! executin $ tis sell ? s'"link #ake a ne@ na"e $r a $ile

s'nc 7'ncrnize !ata n !isk @it "e"r't tail =ut&ut te last &art $ $iles tar Ia&e Aci,er tee e!irect ut&ut t "ulti&le $iles test ,aluate a cn!itinal ex&ressin ti"e #easure Prgra" running ti"e ti"es User an! s'ste" ti"es tuc Cange $ile ti"esta"&s t& ist &rcesses running n te s'ste" traceruteIrace ute t 8st tra& un a c""an! @en a signal is set(burne) tr IranslateB sMueezeB an!r !elete caracters

true D ntingB success$ull' tsrt I&lgical srt tt' Print $ilena"e $ ter"inal n st!in t'&e Describe a c""an! ?u uli"it i"it user resurces ? u"ask Users $ile creatin "ask u"unt Un"unt a !e,ice unalias e",e an alias ? una"e Print s'ste" in$r"atin unex&an!Cn,ert s&aces t tabs uniM UniMui$' $iles units Cn,ert units $r" ne scale t anter unset e",e ,ariable r $unctin na"es unsar Un&ack sell arci,e scri&ts until xecute c""an!s (until errr) usera!! Create ne@ user accunt user"! #!i$' user accunt users ist users currentl' lgge! in uuenc!enc!e a binar' $ile

uu!ec!eDec!e a $ile create! b' uuenc!e, , Verbsel' list !irectr' cntents (Fls -l -bG) ,!ir Verbsel' list !irectr' cntents (Fls -l -bG) ,i Iext !itr

,"stat e&rt ,irtual "e"r' statistics@ @ait Hait $r a &rcess t c"&lete ? @atc xecute!is&la' a &rgra" &eri!icall'
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20/26

@c Print b'teB @r!B an! line cunts @ereis 7earc te userGs &atB "an &ages an! surce $iles $r a &rgra" @ic 7earc te userGs &at $r a &rgra" $ile @ile xecute c""an!s @ Print all userna"es currentl' lgge! in @a"i Print te current user i! an! na"e (Fi! -unG) Hget etrie,e @eb &ages r $iles ,ia 8IIPB 8IIP7 r %IP

@rite 7en! a "essage t anter userx xargs xecute utilit'B &assing cnstructe! argu"ent list(s) x!g-&en=&en a $ile r U in te userGs &re$erre! a&&licatin. 'es Print a string until interru&te! . un a c""an! scri&t in te current sell QQ un te last c""an! again RRR C""ent e"ark

Commands marked are bash built-ins, these are available under all shells.

More bash commands: Linux Command Directoryfrom O'Reilly

SS64 bash discussion forum

Links to other Sites, books etc

For Debian/Ubuntu-based systems:

su! !&kg -i .!eb

su r&" -U, .r&"
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21/26

2. Gruparea comenzilor

Pot fi introduse mai multe comenzi pe aceeai linie, separate prin ';'. Deex.:

$ pwd ; ls -l

va afia mai nti numele directorului curent (pwd) i apoi i va afia coninutul (ls);procesele se executsecvenial.

De asemenea, se pot grupa comenzin forma :

cmd1| cmd2| ... |cmdn

unde comenzile cmd1 , cmd2 ,..., cmdn sunt executate n paralel, ieirea standard a

fiecrei comenzi (cu excepia ultimeia) fiind legatprintr-o conductcu intrarea standarda comenzii urmtoare.

Ex.: vrem sdeterminm cte fiiere conine directorul /bin. Pentru aceasta vom folosiprogramele ls - listare director i wc - numrlinii:

$ ls -l /bin | wc -l

Gruparea comenzilor sub forma :

(lista_comenzi)

determinexecuia acestora ca un proces separat.

Ex.:

$ pwd;(cd ../test;pwd);pwd

/users/u1/demo

/users/u1/test

/users/u1/demo

Efectul comenzii cd din lista de comenzi nchis ntre paranteze este anulat lantlnirea parantezei nchise, deoarece cd a schimbat catalogul curent numai pentrusubprocesul lansat pentru executarea acelei liste de comenzi.

Gruparea comenzilor sub forma :

{lista_comenzi}

executlista de comenzin cadrul procesului curent.


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Ex.:

$ pwd;{cd ../test;pwd};pwd

/users/u1/demo

/users/u1/test

/users/u1/test

Efectul comenzii cdse pstreazi dupterminarea listei de comenzi din acolade.

3. Lansarea comenzilorn fundal Unele procese sunt neinteractive i au o duratmare de execuie. Pentru astfel de

procese, sistemul UNIX prevede un mod special de execuie,n fundal (background).Pentru lansarea execuiein fundal a unui proces, comanda trebuie terminatcu caracterul

&. De ex.:

$ calcul &

Odatexecuia pornit, sistemul afieazidentificatorul procesului lansatn fundal i apoiprompter-ul, utilizatorul putnd introduce alte comenzi. Acestea pot fi executate n primplan (foreground) saun fundal (background), dacse specificacest lucru.

Distrugerea proceselor ce ruleazn fundal se realizeazcu ajutorul comenzii kill,avnd ca parametru identificatorul procesului vizat, comunicat de sistem la lansarea

procesului n fundal. (nu se poate realiza cu ^C deoarece procesele n fundal nuinteracioneazcu utilizatorul prin terminal).

Uzual, se executn fundal procese care au o duratmare i care iau datele deintrare din fiiere deja pregtite, punnd rezultatele n alte fiiere, pe care utilizatorul lepoate inspecta i folosi ulterior. La terminarea execuiei unui astfel de proces,interpretorul de comenzi afieaz un mesaj informativ, de genul 'procesul cuidentificatorul ... s-a terminat'.

4. Fiiere standard. Redirectare Dupiniializarea sesiunii de lucru, se deschid 3 fiiere standard (0, 1 i 2) pentruintrare, ieire i afiarea erorilor. Ele sunt atribuite terminalului de la care se lucreaz(tastatura i ecranul). n momentul lansrii n execuie a programului asociat uneicomenzi, acesta motenete (ca proces "fiu") fiierele deschise, deci i pe cele standard.

Interpretorul de comenzi permitensredirectarea fiierelor standard spre alte periferice:

cu '


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indicat dup'' se redirecteazfiierul standard de ieire. Informaia ce trebuie afiatpeecranul terminalului va fi scrisn fiierul indicat dup'>'. De exemplu,

$ ls -l >fis

va crea fiierul fis, unde va depune informaiile din directorul curent.

Daca fiierul fis exista anterior i dorim sse pstreze informaia din el se foloseteoperatorul '>>'n loc de '>' (operaia append).

5. COMENZI PENTRU GESTIUNEA

DIRECTOARELOR

cd - schimbdirectorul curent

ls - listeazconinutul unor directoare

mkdir - creeazun nou director

pwd -tiprete numele (calea) directorului curent

rmdir - terge un director daceste gol (conine doar . i ..)

6. COMENZI PENTRU FIIERE TEXT

cat - concateneazapoi afieazfiiere text

Ex. cat fis1 fis2 >nou - concat. fis1 cu fis2 => nou

cat fis - afiarea lui fis

cat /dev/nul >fis - se copiazfiierul special al perifericului

cat >fis - creare (editare) fiier fis (ieire cu ^D)

rm - terge fiier

comm - gsete i afieazliniile comunen doufiiere text

diff - gsete diferenelentre doufiiere text

grep - filtreazliniile unui fiier text, cutnd abloane

lpr - tiprete la imprimantfiiere text (sunt pusen coada de ateptare)


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- pt.paginare, se folosete pr

pr - tiprete fiiere text (paginare, titlu, listare)

sort - sorteazliniilen unul sau mai multe fiiere

tail - afieazsfritul unui fiier text

tee - duplicfiierul standard de intrare

wc - numrcaractere,cuvinte i liniin fiiere text


FIIERELOR

ar -ntreine o bibliotec(arhiv) : inserare, tergere saunlocuire de fiierenbiblioteci

chmod - schimbdrepturile de acces ale unui fiier

chown

chgrp

- schimbproprietarul la care este afiliat un fiier

- schimbgrupul la care este afiliat un fiier

cmp - compardou

fiiere

cp - copiazun fiier

crypt - cifrarea unui fiier

crypt [] [] []

Decriptarea : crypt [] [] []

file - determintipul unui fiier

find - gsete un fiierntr-un subarbore

ln - creeazo nouintraren director pentru un fiier

mv - muti redenumete un fiier

od - vidaj fiiere

rm - terge fiiere


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tar -ntreine o bibliotec(arhiv) pe bandmagnetic


VOLUMELOR

df - afieazspaiul liber pe disc

dn - tiprete sumarul privind utilizarea disuluintr-un subarbore

mkfs - creeaz(iniializeaz) o structurdin sistemul de fiiere

mount

umount

- montarea/demontarea unui sistem de fiiere


PROCESELOR

at - lanseazn execuie un fiier de comenzi Shell la un timp specificat

ex.: at 17 jan2 prog.sh ->pe 2 ian. ora 17

kill - oprire procesn curs de execuie

nice - lanseazun task cu prioritate redus(nr.mici=prioritate mare,


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terminat sesiunea

mail - emite/recepioneazpota electronic

Mesajul va fi pusn fiierul cutie potal a destinatarului,n directorul/usr/spool/mail

man - help

passwd - schimbparola sau o instaleaz

stty - seteazcaracteristicile terminalului

tty - afieaznumele terminalului

who - afieaznumele utilizatorilor conectai la sistem

write - trimite imediat un mesaj la un utilizator (ieirea din editare cu ^D)

Desfurarea lucrrii :1. Citii cu ajutorul comenzii mandetalii despre comenzile de mai sus.

2. Care este coninutul fiieruluifis dupexecutarea fiecrei secvene de comenzi:

1) $ pwd >fis 2) $ pwd>fis

$ ls >fis $ls >>fis

3. Creai un director cu mai multe subdirectoare i fiiere. Executai comanda lscu diveriparametri. tergei apoi directorul creat i coninutul acestuia.

4. De ce urmtoarele dousecvene de comenzi nu sunt echivalente :

1) grep main a.c b.c c.c > fis & 2) grep main a.c b.c c.c | wc -l

wc -l < fis &

rm fis &

5. Cum se comportinterpretorul de comenzi la lansarea comenzii :

cd &