cercetări experimentale asupra memoriei, cogniţiei şi atenţiei

8/16/2019 Cercetări experimentale asupra memoriei, cogniţiei şi atenţiei.

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CURSULPSIHOLOGIE EXPERMENTALĂMODULUL IIIGÂNDIRE, MEMORIE, ÎNVĂŢARE

Titular cur ! C"#$%u#i&% 'r% MIHAI ANIŢEI(UCURE TI)**+ )**-UNITATEA DE ÎNVĂŢARE IGÂNDIREAC"#ti#uturi!.%. M"'alitati '/ a0"r'ar/ /12/ri3/#tala a r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/.%) Varia0il/l/ /12/ri3/#tal/ 5# tu'iul 67#'irii i r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/.%8 C"#tr"lul &aria0il/l"r.%9 :i1itat/a $u#cti"#alaO0i/cti&/!Pr/4/#tar/a 3"'alitatil"r '/ a0"r'ar/ /12/ri3/#tala a r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/%A#ali4a &aria0il/l"r i32licat/ 5# tu'iul 67#'irii i r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/%A#ali4a c"#tr"lului &aria0il/l"r%Pr/4/#tar/a u#ui 3"'/l /12/ri3/#tal '/ tu'iu al ;1itatii $u#cti"#al/%Pr/c/ri#t/!Nu / t/ ca4ul%E12u#/r/!.%. M"'alitati '/ a0"r'ar/ /12/ri3/#tala a r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/Di# 2u#ct '/ &/'/r/ i t"ric au /1i tat ) 3"'alitati '/ a0"r'ar/ i a#ali4a a tu'iului2r"c/ ului r/4"luti&, 3"'alitati c/ 2"t ; u0 u3at/ c/l"r ) a0"r'ari '/ cri / la2/rc/2ti/ 5 r/2r/4/#tar/!a#ali4a '/ ti2 a c/#'/#t 0"tt"3 u2a#ali4a '/ ti2 '/ c/#'/#t t"2 '"


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2/rc/2tia / t/ r/4ultatul "r6a#i4arii c732ului 2/rc/2ti& i ca 2/rc/2tia r/4ulta 'i#2ri#ci2iul 2r/6#a#t/i% Î# c"#c/2tia 6/ talti ta / i32u# $"r3a, "0i/ctul, iar 2/rc/2tiar/4ulta 'i# c"#$ru#tar/a c/l"r 8 /l/3/#t/!c732ul ;4ic =5# u iril/ ;4ic/?c732ul #/ur"l"6ic =acti&itat/a #/ur"#ala?c732ul 2 i@"l"6ic = / i# titui/ 5#tr/ c/l/lalt/ '"ua c732uri?D/ci, 2/rc/2tia / t/ r/4ulta#ta l/6il"r "r6a#i4arii% C"#c/2tia 6/ talti ta a /1ti#ac/ t/ l/6i a u2ra 67#'irii, c"# i'/r7#' ca i r/4"l&ar/a '/ 2r"0l/3/ / t/ r/4ultatulu#/i "r6a#i4ari c/ / 2r"'uc/ 5# c732ul 2/rc/2ti&%(a47#'u / 2/ ac/a ta c"#c/2ti/, F @l/r i a '/ $a urat c/rc/taril/ 2/ ci32a#4/i%Descriere experiment:Ci32a#4/ul /ra 5#c@i 5#tr " cu ca i '/ ta&a#ul cu tii /ra at7r#at u# ci"rc@i#/ '/0a#a#/ la car/ /l #u 2ut/a a>u#6/% Ac/ ta &a r/ali4a r/2/tat/ 5#c/rcari '/ a lua0a#a#/l/, 'ar #u &a r/u i% E12/ri3/#tat"rul i#tr"'uc/ 5# cu ca . ) cutii '/ l/3# ic"# tata ca ci32a#4/ul utili4/a4a cutia 2/#tru a a>u#6/ u , 0a c@iar l/ utili4/a4a2/ a37#'"ua = u2ra2u /?% F @l/r c"# i'/ra ca actul i#t/li6/#t / 2r"'uc/ atu#cic7#' "0i/ctul c"2 =0a#a#a? i "0i/ctul 3i>l"c =cutia? i#tra 5# ac/la i c7322/rc/2ti&% Or6a#i4ar/a /l/3/#t/l"r c732ului 2/rc/2ti& 2/#tru a i#tra 5# actiu#/ 5#ac/la i 3"3/#t / #u3/ t/ intuitie =ilu3i#ar/?%

Criticii t/"ri/i 6/ talti t/ a u2ra i#t/li6/#t/i au c"# i'/rat ca /12/ri3/#tul luiF @l/r #/ / t/ '/c7t " &aria#ta a /12/ri3/#tului i#c/rcar/ /r"ar/ i ca #u / t/u;ci/#t 2/#tru a '/ cri/ i#tuitia, '/ ac//a 2r"0l/3a . .. r. . r ra37#/'/ c@i a%.%) Varia0il/l/ /12/ri3/#tal/ 5# tu'iul 67#'irii i r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/Varia0ila '/2/#'/#ta ti#/ '/!.% tipul de mijloace utili4at/ '/ u0i/ct 5# r/4"l&ar/a 2r"0l/3/l"r =u#ii 2r/$/ra;6ura?)% timpul necesar u0i/ctii au #/&"i/ '/ ti32i 'i$/riti 2/#tru a r/4"l&a "2r"0l/3a8% procentajul de subiecti car/ au r/4"l&at c"r/ct 2r"0l/3aObs. ! 5#tr/ ti32ul #/c/ ar i 2r"c/#ta> /1i ta " r/lati/ i#&/r 2r"2"rti"#ala! 'aca u##u3ar 3ai 3ar/ '/ u0i/cti #u $ac $ata 2r"0l/3/i, atu#ci /i " &"r r/4"l&a 5#tr u#ti32 lu#6%4. calitatea rezolvarii: î # ituatia 5# car/ a&/3 2r"0l/3/ car/ / 2r/t/a4a la 3ai3ult/ "lutii, 2ut/3 /&alua calitat/a "luti/i i a l/ a32la a3 2/ " cala a calitatii

"lutiil"r%Multi c/rc/tat"ri u#t t/#tati a utili4/4/ t"at/ &aria0il/l/ '/2/#'/#t/ 5#tr " 3a#i/rac"#&/r6/#ta '/ i 5#tr/ ac/ t/a #u /1i ta 3/r/u r/latii /3#i;cati&/%


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Exemplu ! 5# tu'iul r/lati/i ti32 =&it/4a? calitat/ / c"# tata ca 5# r/4"l&ar/a2r"0l/3/l"r '/ 67#'ir/, u0i/ctii ac"r'a 3ai 3ulta i32"rta#ta calitatii '/c7tti32ului 2/#tru ca /i i3t ca ar ; c"# i'/rati 2r" ti 'aca #u ar r/4"l&a c"r/ct%Î# r/latia ti32 calitat/ u#t i32licati $act"ri '/ til c"6#iti&! ;/car/ 'i#tr/ #"i ar/ u#

til c"6#iti& ca r/4ulta#ta i#t/tica a /12/ri/#t/l"r, a r/lati/i c"6#iti/ 3"ti&ati/%S"lutia / t/ "0 /r&atia at/#ta a u0i/ctil"r i u# curt i#t/r&iu car/ a ur2ri#'a

tilul c"6#iti& al ac/ t"ra, 2ut7#'u / a t$/l /12lica 2/rti#/#t c"#'uita%Î# acti&itat/a 2ractica a 2 i@"l"6ului, r/latia ti32 calitat/ ar/ " i32"rta#ta 3a>"ra,2/#tru ca 2 i@"l"6ul 'a u# a&i4 =a2t J i#a2t?% D/ ac//a 2 i@"l"6ul / "ri/#t/a4a'u2a ti2ul '/ u0i/cti i ti2ul '/ "ri/#tar/ al 2r"$/ iu#ii%Î# ituatiil/ 5# car/ 2 i@"l"6ul 2racticia# / c"#$ru#ta cu " /12/rti4a 2 i@"l"6ica, /l&a tr/0ui a i c"# truia ca /tal"a#/ 'i$/rit/ 2/#tru ti32 i 2/#tru calitat/ i atra# $"r3/ &al"ril/ 0rut/ 5# #"t/ T ta#'ar'i4at/% D"ar a a u#t 2" i0il/ c"32aratii

i al/6/ri%Varia0ila i#'/2/#'/#ta!1. maniera / modul de prezentare)% cantitatea informatiei nerelevante ! 3ulti2licar/a /l/3/#t/l"r ir/l/&a#t/ 5#ra2"rt cu c/l/ r/l/&a#t/ &a 'uc/ la 2r/lu#6ir/a ti32ului '/ r/4"l&ar/8% prezenta / absenta ilustratiei =ilu tratiil/ 2"t a>uta J 5#6r/u#a?9% '/ natura psiho lin!vistica ! 3"'ul '/ $"r3ular/, ti2ul '/ 2r"2"4itii utili4at/ 5#'/ cri/r/a 2r"0l/3/i+% presiunea timpului i "ric/ alt $act"r '/ tr/ car/ 2"at/ ; 3a#i2ulat% D//1/32lu 5# 3at/ri/ '/ 2r/ iu#/a ti32ului! 'aca ti3 ca a3 cr/at 2r/ iu#/ '/ ti32,&"3 r/ali4a u# 2r/t/ t, iar 5# t/ t r/'uc/3 ti32ul la >u3atat/ =r/2/titi/?% At/#ti/KAc/a ta 3/t"'a / a2lica la 2r"0/ car/ #u i#clu' 5#&atar/a%-% diferentele individuale.%8 C"#tr"lul &aria0il/l"rE12/ri3/#t/l/ r/ali4at/ 5# $/ra 67#'irii u#t 3ai c"32licat/ '/ ac//a #/c/ ita "at/#ti/ 2"rita 5# 3at/ri/ '/ c"#tr"l% Ac/ t/ /12/ri3/#t/ a2/l/a4a la 6ru2urii#'/2/#'/#t/ '/ u0i/cti, u2u / u#"r c"#'itii 'i$/rit/%Î# ac/ t ca4 tr/0ui/ a ;3 i6uri ca u0i/ctii a ati 5# 'i$/rit/ c"#'itii u#t/c@i&al/#ti, 5# 2ri3ul r7#' 'i# 2u#ct '/ &/'/r/ al #i&/lului i#t/l/ctual =c"/;ci/#t '/i#t/li6/#ta? i ca t"at/ c/l/lalt/ &aria0il/ u#t 3/#ti#ut/ c"# ta#t/ =/1%! 3"'ul '/2r/4/#tar/?%C"/;ci/#tul '/ ;'/litat/ i r/2lica0ilitat/a c"# titui/ crit/rii $u#'a3/#tal/ '/a i6urar/ a c"#tr"lului &aria0il/l"r 5# /12/ri3/#tul 2 i@"l"6ic% V"3 '/3"# tra ac/ tlucru cu a>ut"rul rati"#a3/#tului 2ri# a#al"6i/%"ationamentul prin analo!ie ! r/4"l&ar/a u#/i 2r"0l/3/ #/cu#" cut/ 2ri# a#al"6i/2r/ u2u#/ a2/lul la " 2r"0l/3a cu#" cuta c/ 2r/4i#ta /l/3/#t/ a /3a#at"ar/% S/2r"'uc/ a t$/l u# tra# $/r '/ la #/cu#" cut la cu#" cut%Exemple !

i t/3ul at"3ic i t/3ul "lar =3"l/cul/l/ '/ 6a4/ 0il/l/ '/ 0iliar'? 3/3"ria 0i0li"t/ca

Stu'iul rati"#a3/#tului 2ri# a#al"6i/ a '/4&"ltat 5# ulti3ii )* '/ a#i 2/#tru a/12lica u#ul 'i#tr/ 3/ca#i 3/l/ $"art/ i32"rta#t/ al/ r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/%S/ /&i'/#tia4a tu'iil/ lui Ma /r =. 8? i al/ lui Gic i H"l "a =. *, . 8,. -?, i# 2irat/ '/ c/rc/taril/ 3ai &/c@i al/ lui Du#c /r =. 9+, tu'iul ;1itatii$u#cti"#al/?Gic i H"l "a au utili4at " 2r"0l/3a /la0"rata '/ Du#c /r! problema radiatiei % S/2l/aca '/ la ituatia i2"t/tica! 2r/ u2u#/3 ca u#t/3 3/'ici i a&/3 u# 2aci/#t cu


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tu3"ar/ 3ali6#a c/ 2"at/ ; tratata 2ri# ira'i/r/ cu ra4/ $"art/ 2ut/r#ic/ i ti3 cari curil/ u#t $"art/ 3ari =ra4a 'i tru6/ t/ uturil/ a#at"a / 2/ car/ l/ tra&/r /a4a?%S"lutia 2"at/ ; a2licar/a 3ai 3ult"r ra4/ '/ i#t/# itat/ 3ai 3ica =a2licat/ 'i# alt/'ir/ctii 'ar $"cali4at/ 2/ ac/la i 2u#ct? car/ 532r/u#a r/ali4/a4a i#t/# itat/a#/c/ ara Descrierea experimentului lui #ic$ si %ol&oa$ S/ 'a 2r/ r/4"l&ar/ ituatia i2"t/tica '/ 3ai u u#"r u0i/cti, 5# ) c"#'itii/12/ri3/#tal/!'u2a citir/a 2"&/ tii cu c"3a#'a#tul =#u li / c/r/ a '/a "lutii?$ara ca 2"&/ t/a cu c"3a#'a#tul a ;/ cititaP"&/ t/a cu c"3a#'a#tul! u0i/ctul / 2u#/ 5# 2"4itia u#ui c"3a#'a#t '/ c"32a#ii'/ ta#curi% La u# 3"3/#t 'at / a a 5# ituatia '/ a tr/c/ cu 5#tr/a6a c"32a#i/2/ t/ u# 2"' u0r/' car/ #u u2"rta 3ai 3ult '/c7t 6r/utat/a u#ui ta#c% Va al/6/

a ri t/ tr/c7#' cu t"at/ "'ata, &a al/6/ a tr/aca cu c7t/ u# ta#c 2/ c7t/ u# 2"''i#tr " 3ulti3/ '/ 2"'uri c"#&/r6/#t/ au &a 6a i alta "luti/Su0i/ctii u2u i 2ri3/i c"#'itii au r/4"l&at 2r"0l/3a 5# ra2"rt '/ + , iar c/i u2u ic/l/i '/ a ) a c"#'itii 5# ra2"rt '/ .* % Ult/ri"r, /12/ri3/#tul a $" t r/luat 5#tr " #"ua $"r3a!2ri3ul 6ru2 a citit 2"&/ t/a c"3a#'a#tului i li a i#'icat ca / t/ u# i#'iciu 2/#truur3at"ar/a 2r"0l/3aal ) l/a 6ru2 a 2ri3it c/l/ ) 2r"0l/3/ 5# "r'i#/ 'ar $ara #ici " c"#'iti/Su0i/ctii u2u i 2ri3/i c"#'itii au r/4"l&at 2r"0l/3a 5# ra2"rt '/ ) , iar c/i u2u ic/l/i '/ a ) a c"#'itii 5# ra2"rt '/ )* %E12/ri3/#tul lui Gic i H"l "a a'uc/ 5# 'i cuti/ 2r"0l/3a r/2licarii 5# 2 i@"l"6ia/12/ri3/#tala!Q 'ir/cta! ac/a ta 2r/ u2u#/ 5#c/rcar/a '/ a r/2/ta u# /12/ri3/#t 2/ c7t '/a2r"2iat 2" i0il, cu 3i#i3/ c@i30ari $ata '/ c/l "ri6i#al%Q i t/3atica! 5# ac/ t ca4 / 5#c/arca &ari/r/a =3"'i;car/a? u#"r $act"ri2r/ u2u i a ; r/l/&a#ti 2/#tru r/4ultat/l/ /12/ri3/#tului% Daca r/4ultat/l//12/ri3/#tului "ri6i#al u#t c"r/ct/, atu#ci /l &a r/4i ta ac/ t"r c@i30ari% Daca/$/ctul 'i 2ar/, atu#ci c/rc/tat"rul a '/ c"2/rit li3it/ i32"rta#t/ 5# c"#;6uratia$/#"3/#/l"r u2u / tu'iului "ri6i#al%Q c"#c/2tuala! / t/ c/a 3ai 'i;cila i 3ai c"32l/1a% S/ 5#c/arca r/2/tar/au#ui /12/ri3/#t 5#tr u# 3"' ra'ical 'i$/rit '/ c/l "ri6i#al%C/rc/tat"rii 5#cura>/a4a r/2licar/a /12/ri3/#t/l"r c@iar i atu#ci c7#' r/4ultat/l/t/ t/l"r tati tic/ "$/ra 'i$/r/#t/ /3#i;cati&/%Exemplu %Î# /12/ri3/#tul l"r, Gic i H"l "a au 5#c/rcat a '/t/r3i#/ #i&/lul tra# $/rului2"4iti& 2ri# a#al"6i/, r/$ac7#' /12/ri3/#tul l"r a t$/l!6ru2ul A a 2ri3it ) a#al"6ii i au $" t "licitati a 67#'/a ca i a /1tra6a 2ri#ci2iula t$/l 5#c7t c@/3a a 2utut ; a2"i a2licata 5# 3"' 2"#ta# la 2r"0l/3a cu ra4a6ru2ul ( a tu'iat '"ar " a#al"6i/C"#clu4i/! 5# 6ru2ul A a 2r"'u u# tra# $/r 2"4iti& 3ai 3ar/%Pr"0l/3a r/2licarii / l/6ata '/ alta 2r"0l/3a i32"rta#ta! a 6/#/rali4arii r/4ultat/l"r%Î# ca4ul r/2licarii i t/3atic/ i c"#c/2tual/ c/rc/tat"rii #u r/2/ta u# /12/ri3/#t

5#tru t"tul, 'ar / t/ i#t/r/ at 'aca $/#"3/#ul 5# cau4a / c"# "li'/a4a 5#tr u# $/lau altul%

R/2lic7#' /12/ri3/#tul lui Gic i H"l "a cu 2ri&ir/ la tra# $/rul 2"4iti&, 'pencer si(eisber! =. -? au a'au6at " c@i30ar/ i#t/r/ a#ta, 2ri# 3"'i;car/a 2r/t/1tului


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u0 car/ c/l/ ) 2"&/ tiri a#t/ri"ar/ ='/ a#tr/#a3/#t i 2r"0l/3a ra'iati/i? au $" t2u /%Descrierea experimentului %S a lucrat cu ) cla / '/ tu'/#ti!.% 6ru2 A! u0i/ctil"r li a 2u ca c/l/ ) 2"&/ tiri $ac/au 2art/ 'i#tr u#/12/ri3/#t 2il"t i au $" t t/ tati '/ catr/ u# /12/ri3/#tat"r a0ia &/#it 5# cla a)% 6ru2 (! au 2r/4/#tat c/l/ ) a#al"6ii, /12/ri3/#tat"rul a 2ara it ala i a2"i2r"$/ "rul a 2r/4/#tat 2r"0l/3a ra'iati/i la $7r itul "r/i '/ cur =a2r"1% 9+ 3i#%? cailu trati/ la cur =$ara a $aca tri3it/r/ la /12/ri3/#t?"ezultat !La 6ru2ul ( #u a "0 /r&at #ici " l/6atura 5#tr/ 2r"0l/3a ra'iati/i i a#al"6ii%S2/#c/r i /i 0/r6 au 3/r 3ai '/2art/! au 3"'i;cat c"#t/1tul =au i#tr"'u )

ituatii /12/ri3/#tal/ #"i?!.% &aria#ta . =cu c"#t/1t a /3a#at"r?! /12/ri3/#tat"rul i#tra 5# cla a, 2r/4i#tat"at/ c/l/ 8 2"&/ tiri ca $ac7#' 2art/ 'i# /12/ri3/#t i t/ t/a4a r/4ultat/l/subvarianta: /12/ri3/#tat"rul i#tra 5# cla a, 2r/4i#ta '"ar ) 2"&/ ti ca $ac7#' 2art/'i# /12/ri3/#t, 2l/aca, 2r"$/ "rul c"#ti#ua cur ul i, la ;#al, 2r/4i#ta 2r"0l/3ara4/i ca ;i#' l/6ata '/ 2ri3/l/ ) 2"&/ tiri 2r/4/#tat/ '/ catr/ /12/ri3/#tat"r%)% varianta ) =c"#t/1t 'i$/rit?!subvarianta 1 ! /12/ri3/#tat"rul 2r/4i#ta t"at/ c/l/ 8 2"&/ tiri i u ti#/ ca '"ar2ri3/l/ ) au l/6atura cu /12/ri3/#tulsubvarianta ) ! /12/ri3/#tat"rul 2r/4i#ta 2ri3/l/ ) 2"&/ tiri i u ti#/ ca aul/6atura cu u# /12/ri3/#t, 2l/aca, 2r"$/ "rul 2r/4i#ta a 8 a 2"&/ tir/ la $7r itulcur ului ca " '/3"# trati/ la 2r"0l/3/l/ 'i# cla a*oncluzii !

r/4ultat/l/ arata ca 5# ca4ul 5# car/ 5#tr/ c/l/ ) 2"&/ tiri '/ a#tr/#a3/#t i2r"0l/3a ra'iati/i a /1i tat c"#ti#uitat/, i#'i$/r/#t '/ c"#t/1t, a "0ti#ut u#2r"c/#ta> a /3a#at"r '/ tra# $/r 2"4iti&

u0i/ctii t/ tati 'i$/rit, 'u2a 9+ 3i#%, #u au '/3"# trat #ici u# tra# $/rR/ali4ar/a u#"r r/2licari r/ali4ari i t/3atic/ i c"#c/2tual/ 2/r3it/ c/rc/tat"ril"r

a '/li3it/4/ =2r/ci4/4/? c"#'itiil/ car/ li3it/a4a =li3it/l/ u#ui /12/ri3/#t?, ac/l/li3it/ 'i#c"l" '/ car/ u# /12/ri3/#t #u 3ai r/4i ta%F%P"22/r u ti#/a ca a'/&arat/l/ a /rtiu#i i cu#" ti#t/ tii#ti;c/ tr/0ui/ a

5#tru#/a ca crit/riul $al i;ca0ilitatii ='aca " t/"ri/ #u 2"at/ ; u2u a u#/i t/ taricar/ a i ta0il/a ca li3it/l/, atu#ci #u / tii#ta?%.%9 :i1itat/a $u#cti"#ala :/#"3/#ul ;1itatii $u#cti"#al/ '/ /3#/a4a ta0ili4ar/a i ri6i'itat/a cu#" ti#t/l"r,'/2ri#'/ril"r i tructuril"r i#t/l/ctual/, 532i/'ic7#' a t$/l r/4"l&ar/a '/ 2r"0l/3/#"i, car/ #/c/ ita /1i0ilitat/ i r/ tructurar/%P i@"l"6ul a3/rica# +arl Dunc$er a i#itiat 5# . 9+ " /ri/ '/ c/rc/tari a u2ra ac/ ui$/#"3/#% I'//a c/#trala a c/rc/taril"r al/ / t/!Daca u# "0i/ct / t/ $"l" it r/c/#t 5#tr u# a#u3it $/l, 5#tr " ituati/ 'ata, 5# alt ca4,

5#tr " ituati/ #"ua, u0i/ctul &a 5#t732i#a 'i;cultati 5# a l utili4a%Ilu trar/! 2r"0l/3a cuti/iSarci#a u0i/ctil"r / t/ ac//a '/ a ;1a 8 lu37#ar/l/ 2/ " u a la #i&/lul 2ri&irii% P/ "3a a u#t 'i 2u / 3at/rial/l/ la 'i 2"4itia u0i/ctil"r! 2i#/4/ =cui "ar/?, c@i0rit/, 8cutii 6"al/ '/ c@i0rit/, 8 lu37#ar/l/%S"lutia! / ;1/a4a cutiil/ cu 2i#/4/ 2/ u a, ca 2lat$"r3a 2/#tru lu37#ar/l/, ac/ t/a'i# ur3a ;i#' li2it/ '/ cuti/ 2ri# t"2ir/a c/rii '/ la ca2atul l"r i#$/ri"rF%Du#c /r a lucrat cu ) 6ru2uri i#'/2/#'/#t/!


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.% 6ru2ul '/ c"#tr"l! 2/#tru ac/ tia cutiil/ /rau 2r/4/#tat/ 6"al/, alaturi '/c/l/lalt/ 3at/rial/)% 6ru2ul /12/ri3/#tal! 5# ac/ t ca4, cutiil/ /rau u32lut/ cu c/l/lalt/ 3at/rial/#/c/ ar/ a t$/l!a% cutia .! lu37#ar/l/0% cutia )! cui "ar/l/c% cutia 8! c@i0rit/Î# c/a '/ a ) a c"#'iti/ /12/ri3/#tala, $u#ctia '/ c"#tai#/r a cutiil"r a ;1at 5#3/3"ria u0i/ctil"r, 2/ c7#' 5# 2ri3a c"#'iti/ /12/ri3/#tala #u a ;1at #i3ic% Ai#t/r&/#it $/#"3/#ul ;1itatii $u#cti"#al/ 5# ra2"rt cu $u#ctia cutiil"r%F%Du#c /r a 2r"c/'at i la " replicare sistematica a /12/ri3/#tului, 2ri# a'au6ar/au#/i c"#'itii! a utili4arii #/utr/ a cutiil"r =cutiil/ /rau $"l" it/ t"t ca r/ci2i/#t/, 'arc"#ti#/au "0i/ct/ #/utr/, $ara l/6atura cu "lutia, cu3 ar ; #a turi?% A a2/lat la 86ru2uri /12/ri3/#tal/ '/ c7t/ u0i/cti!6ru2ul '/ c"#tr"l, 5# ac/l/a i c"#'itii cu al/ /12/ri3/#tului "ri6i#al6ru2ul /12/ri3/#tal (, 5# ac/l/a i c"#'itii cu al/ /12/ri3/#tului "ri6i#al6ru2ul /12/ri3/#tal C, 5# #"ua c"#'iti/"ezultate !

5# c"#'itia '/ c"#tr"l arci#a a $" t 5#'/2li#ita 5# 2r"c/#t '/ .** 5# c"#'itia '/ ;1itat/ $u#cti"#ala cu cutiil/ u32lut/ cu c/l/lalt/ "0i/ct/ #/c/ ar/,

arci#a a $" t 5#'/2li#ita 5# 2r"c/#t '/ 98 5# c"#'itia '/ utili4ar/ #/utra, arci#a a $" t 5#'/2li#ita '/ catr/ . u0i/ct*oncluzie !Î# c"#'itiil/ ) i 8 $u#ctia cutiil"r /ra ;1ata ca r/ci2i/#t i u0i/ctil"r l/ a $" t 6r/u

a / 67#'/a ca la /l/ ca 2"t/#tial/ u2"rturi 2/#tru lu37#ari%Î# c"#'itiil/ #u3arului 3ic '/ u0i/cti cu car/ a lucrat Du#c /r, #u au 2utut a2licat/ t/ tati tic/, ci '"ar 2r"c/#t/% Cu t"at/ ac/ t/a, 3/ritulc/rc/taril"r al/ / t/ac/la '/ a ; c"#;r3at t/"ria 6/ talti ta a r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/ ca r/ tructurar/ a'at/l"r c732ului r/4"luti&%C/rc/taril/ lui F%Du#c /r au 2ril/>uit " /ri/ '/ r/2lici!"eplicarea lui ,damson =. +)?! ac/ ta a $" t #/ ati $acut '/ #u3arul 3ic '/

u0i/cti cu car/ a lucrat F%Du#c /r i '/ 2r/ci4ia ca4uta a 3/t"'/l"r '/ /&aluar/,3a urar/ a r/4ultat/l"r%A'a3 "# a 2r"c/'at la " r/2licar/ i t/3atica 5# ur3at"ar/l/ c"#'itii!a utili4at )- ) u0i/cti i 2/ l7#6a 2r"0l/3a cuti/i a 3ai i#tr"'u alt/ ) 2r"0l/3/!

5# l"cul cui "ar/l"r a utili4at cl/3/ i tir0u "#% A r/4ultat u# /12/ri3/#t cu - c"#'itii/12/ri3/#tal/ =8 2r"0l/3/ 5# ) c"#'itii /12/ri3/#tal/?%Varia0ila i#'/2/#'/#ta a $" t 3a urata t"t 2ri# 2r"c/#t/ =a c/l"r car/ au r/u it ar/4"l&/ 2r"0l/3a 5# ti32 'at! )* '/ 3i#%?% A 3ai $" t 3a urat ti32ul #/c/ ar;/carui u0i/ct 2/#tru a r/4"l&a 2r"0l/3a%"ezultate ! 5# )* 3i#% t"ti u0i/ctii au r/4"l&at 2r"0l/3a, 'ar au 5#r/6i trat &ariatiial/ ti32il"r '/ lucru i#'i&i'ual a t$/l! u0i/ctii 'i# l"tul '/ c"#tr"l au r/4"l&at

arci#a 3ai ra2i' '/c7t c/i 'i# c"#'itia '/ ;1itat/ $u#cti"#ala%"eplica lui #luc$sber! si colab. =. --? au 2r"c/'at la " r/2licar/ i t/3atica a/12/ri3/#tului "ri6i#al al lui F%Du#c /r 2ri# i#tr"'uc/r/a /$/ctului &/r0ali4arii iutili4ar/a /tic@/t/l"r &/r0al/% Ei au '/3"# trat ca atu#ci c7#' "0i/ct/l/ 'i#/12/ri3/#tul "ri6i#al u#t aratat/ u0i/ctil"r utili47#' /tic@/t/ &/r0al/ =i#t/6rat"ri&/r0ali?, ac/ t/a au 3/#ir/a '/ a "ri/#ta 67#'ir/a u0i/ctil"r 2r/ " 3ai 3ar/

/1i0ilitat/%R"lul ra2"art/l"r &/r0al/ 5# tu'iul /12/ri3/#tal al 67#'irii i r/4"l&arii '/ 2r"0l/3/


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Ilu trar/a / $ac/ 2ri# tu'iul fenomenului de supraîncredere în propria judecata %I#tr" 2/cti"#i 3ul cla ic /12/ri3/#tal = c"ala '/ la r t0ur6, BD/# 2 c@"l"6i/B,2ri# r/2r/4/#ta#tii ai! Ac@, Mar0/, i/@#? a 2u 3ar/ acc/#t 2/ ra2"art/l/i#tr" 2/cti&/ ca " 0u#a 3/t"'a '/ '/ cri/r/ a 2r"c/ /l"r 3/#tal/%M/t"'a i#tr" 2/cti&a /12/ri3/#tala / r/ali4/a4a a t$/l!S/ a2/la la u0i/cti /12/rti = 2/ciali ti 5# '"3/#ii ca 3at/3atica, ;4ica, c@i3ia? i li

/ 'a'/au 'i$/rit/ 2r"0l/3/ 2r/ r/4"l&ar/% Su0i/ctii /rau "licitati ca 5# ti32ulJ'u2a r/4"l&ar/a 2r"0l/3/i a r/lat/4/ 2a ii, /c&/#t/l/ car/ i au c"#'u lar/4"l&ar/a 2r"0l/3/i%I2"t/4a! 67#'ir/a "2/r/a4a '"ar 5# 2la# a0 tract, $ara a a2/la la i3a6i#i /#4"rial/%Au c"# tatat ca u0i/ctii =c@iar 'aca /rau /12/rti, '/ci 2/r "a#/ "0i #uit/ cu67#'ir/a a0 tracta, l"6ica? $ac/au a2/l i la i3a6i#i 3/#tal/%A2aritia ult/ri"ara a 0/@a&i"ri 3ului, cu critica a a'u a i#tr" 2/cti/i, a $acut cai#tr" 2/cti"#i 3ul a i#tr/ 5#tr u# c"# '/ u30ra i 2r"0l/3a ra2"art/l"r &/r0al/ a;/ a0a#'"#ata, c@iar 'aca i 0/@a&i"ri 3ul acc/2ta ca i ra2"art/l/ &/r0al/ 2"t ; "/12r/ i/ a &aria0il/i i#'/2/#'/#t/ ='ar '"ar u#a 'i#tr/ 3ult/ alt/ 2" i0il/, $ara

/3#i;cati/ '/" /0ita?%Î# a#ii *,-e ell si 'imon =laur/at 2r/3iul N"0/l?, ca i alti c/rc/tat"ri 'i#'"3/#iul IT =i#t/li6/#ta arti;ciala?, au i#itiat protocolul cu voce tare =2r/luar/aa2r"a2/ i#t/6rala a 3/t"'/i i#tr" 2/cti&/, 'ar 3ai ri6ur"a a! 5#r/6i trar/a ;'/la ara2"art/l"r?% S a $aut a2"i a2/l la 2r"6ra3at"ri car/ au a#ali4at 'at/l/ cul/ / i au/la0"rat 2r"6ra3/ '/ r/4"l&ar/ a ac/l"ra i ituatii 2r"0l/3atic/, 'u2a 2a ii r/ali4ati'/ catr/ u0i/cti, c"#$"r3 ra2"art/l"r &/r0al/% S au "0ti#ut ac/l/a i r/4ultat/%Ac/a ta a $" t " '/3"# trati/ clara ca /1i ta i3ilitu'i#i 5#tr/ 67#'ir/a u3a#a i67#'ir/a arti;ciala, l"6ica i $"r3ala%Î# $"l" ir/a ra2"art/l"r &/r0al/ a2ar a 2/ct/ c"#tra'ict"rii ='i 2uta cu 2ri&ir/ la$/#"3/#ul '/ u2ra5#cr/'/r/ 5# 2r"2riil/ >u'/cati?%UNITATEA DE ÎNVĂŢARE IIMEMORIAC"#ti#uturi!)%. Varia0il/l/ /12/ri3/#tal/ 5# tu'iul 3/3"ri/i)%) M"'/l/ /12/ri3/#tal/! i#t/ractiu#/a &aria0il/l"r)%8 I#t/r$/r/#ta i uitar/)%9 T/@#ici, 2r"c/'//, a2araturaO0i/cti&/!A#ali4a &aria0il/l"r /12/ri3/#tal/ i32licat/ 5# tu'iul 3/3"ri/i%R"lul i#t/ractiu#ii &aria0il/l"r 5# 3"'/l/l/ /12/ri3/#tal/%A#ali4a /$/ct/l"r i#t/r$/r/#t/i a u2ra uitarii%Pr/4/#tar/a t/@#icil"r, 2r"c/'//l"r i a2araturii '/ lucru%Pr/c/ri#t/!Nu / t/ ca4ul%E12u#/r/!)%. Varia0il/l/ /12/ri3/#tal/ 5# tu'iul 3/3"ri/iVaria0il/l/ '/2/#'/#t/% Î# 2r"0/l/ '/ r/cu#"a t/r/, 'u2a 2r/4/#tar/a u#ui 3at/rial,

/ c/r/ u0i/ctil"r a a2r/ci/4/ 'aca au 3ai &a4ut 3at/rialul% Ra 2u# uril/ 2"t ; '/ti2ul DAJNU au al/6/r/a 'i#tr/ 3ai 3ult/ alt/r#ati&/% Î# 2ri3ul ca4 u0i/ctil"r l/

u#t 2r/4/#tat/ cu&i#t/ 'i# li ta i#itiala i cu&i#t/ #"i% Ei &"r a2r/cia 2ri# DA au NU'aca u# cu&7#t a $" t au #u 2r/4/#t 2/ li ta i#itiala% Î# c/l '/ al '"il/a ca4 /r/cur6/ la " r/cu#"a t/r/ $"rtata! u0i/ctul / t/ $"rtat a al/a6a 'i#tr/ 3ai 3ult/alt/r#ati&/ 2/ c/a c"r/cta% Ac/ t 3"' '/ /&aluar/ a &aria0il/i '/2/#'/#t/ 2r/4i#ta


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u# 6ra' 3ai 3ar/ '/ &ali'itat/ '/c7t c/l/ '/ ti2ul DAJNU% Pr"0/l/ '/ r/actuali4ar/c/l/ 3ai cu#" cut/ u#t c/l/ '/ r/actuali4ar/ li0/ra 5# car/ #u ar/ #ici " i32"rta#ta"r'i#/a r/2r"'uc/rii% O &aria#ta a 2r"0/l"r '/ r/actuali4ar/ " c"# titui/r/actuali4ar/a au r/2r"'uc/r/a '/ ti2 /rial, 5# car/ / c/r/ r/actuali4ar/a 5#"r'i#/a 5# car/ au $" t 2r/4/#tati ti3ulii i#itiali i a "ci/r/a l"r 5# 2/r/c@i% Î# ac/ tca4, u0i/ctil"r l/ u#t 2r/4/#tat/ 2/r/c@i '/ cu&i#t/ iar la r/actuali4ar/ u0i/ctil"rli / 2r/4i#ta 2ri3ul t/r3/# al 2/r/c@ii ur37#' ca /i a i l r/a3i#t/a ca 2/ c/lalalt%Pr"0/l/ '/ r/cu#"a t/r/ i r/2r"'uc/r/ #u 2"t ; /2arat/ t"tal 5#truc7t3/ca#i 3/l/ car/ tau la 0a4a l"r 2r/ u2u# " tr7# a i#t/ractiu#/%Varia0il/l/ '/2/#'/#t/ al/ ac/ t"r 2r"0/ u#t! #u3arul ti3ulil"r r/cu#" cuti aur/2r"'u i c"r/ct, #u3arul '/ /r"ri i ti32ul '/ ra 2u# atu#ci c7#' ac/ ta 2"at/ ;3a urat%Stu'iil/ a u2ra 3/3"ri/i i32licit/ =Sc@act/r, . ? au aratat ca 2/r$"r3a#t/l/

u0i/ctil"r u#t i# u/#tat/ '/ /12u#/r/a a#t/ri"ara la u# 3at/rial '/ i #u / c/r/u0i/ctil"r a i r/a3i#t/a ca c"#ti#utul 3at/rialului% S/ 2ar/ ca /12u#/r/a

a#t/ri"ara i# u/#t/a4a 2/r$"r3a#ta '/ i #u a /1i tat c/ri#ta /12licita '/ a 3/3"rac/&a% R/4ulta ca 3/ca#i 3/l/ 3/3"ri/i i32licit/ u#t 'i$/rit/ '/ c/l/ al/ 3/3"ri/i/12licit/%Varia0il/l/ i#'/2/#'/#t/!% #atura 3at/rialului 2r/4/#tat / t/ &aria0ila i#'/2/#'/#ta c/l 3ai 2ut/r#ic3a#i2ulata 5# c/rc/taril/ a u2ra 3/3"ri/i% Ac/ t/ 3at/rial/ 2"t ; /1tr/3 '/&ariat/ 2"r#i#' '/ la lit/r/, ci$r/, ila0/, cu&i#t/, 2r"2"4itii, $ra4/, t/1t/, i3a6i#i,

c/#/ c"32l/1/% La r7#'ul l"r ac/ t/ 3at/rial/ au caract/ri tici 2r"2rii c/ 2"t a&ari/4/! ila0/ $ara /# , cu&i#t/ $ara /# , a'>/cti&/, &/r0/, u0 ta#ti&/, #u3/r/c"32l/1/, 3at/rial/ c"#cr/t/ au a0 tract/, utili4ar/a cul"ril"r %a%3%'%% i#t/r&alul 'i#tr/ 2r/4/#tar/a 3at/rialului i r/actuali4ar/ ac/ t i#t/r&al 2"at/ a3/ar6a '/ la c7t/&a /cu#'/ 27#a la a2ta37#i, lu#i au a#i% lu#6i3/a au ca#titat/a 3at/rialului% 3"'alitat/a '/ 2r/4/#tar/ c"# titui/ " &aria0ila i#'/2/#'/#ta i32"rta#ta a&7#' 5#&/'/r/ 2r/4/#tar/a &i4uala, au'iti&a au i3ulta#a% trat/6iil/ '/ 3/3"rar/, c"'i;car/ a i#$"r3ati/i '/ catr/ u0i/ct c"# titui/ "&aria0ila i#'/2/#'/#ta% #atura arci#ii i#t/r2"lat/ 5#tr/ 5#&atar/a i#itiala i c/a ult/ri"ara% cu#"a t/r/a r/4ultatului! / ur3ar/ t/ /$/ctul ac/ t/i &aria0il/ a u2ra cr/ t/rii2/r$"r3a#t/i 5# 3/3"rar/% 6ra'ul '/ i3ilitu'i#/ 5#tr/ ti3uli% r"lul &/r0ali4arii c"32arati& cu alt/ 3"'alitati '/ 2r/4/#tar/ a ti3ulului% r"lul "r6a#i4arii 6l"0al/ au 2artial/%C"#tr"lul &aria0il/l"r E12/ri3/#t/l/ a u2ra 3/3"ri/i u#t ri6ur"a /, trict c"#tr"lat/% U#/l/ &aria0il/

u#t 3/#ti#ut/ c"# ta#t/! ca#titat/a 3at/rialului, rata 2r/4/#tarii, 3"'alitat/a '/2r/4/#tar/% Ac/ t/a u#t 3"'i;cat/ #u3ai 'aca / iau 5# c"# i'/rati/ ca &aria0il/i#'/2/#'/#t/% Î# "ric/ /12/ri3/#t 'aca u#t &ariat/ a#u3it/ caract/ri tici al/3at/rialului atu#ci c/ilalti $act"ri tr/0ui/ a ;/ 3/#ti#uti c"# ta#ti%O 2r"0l/3a i32"rta#ta car/ia #u i a ac"r'at u;ci/#ta at/#ti/ / t/ ac//a a3"'ului '/ i#t/r2r/tar/ a 2/r$"r3a#t/l"r &aria0il/i '/2/#'/#t/ ur3arit/ atu#cic7#' ac/a ta / a a la li3ita u2/ri"ara au la li3ita i#$/ri"ara a cal/i '/ /&aluar/a 2/r$"r3a#t/l"r =5# u#/l/ tra'uc/ri ac/ ti t/r3/#i 2"t ; r/6a iti 2ri# '/#u3ir/a '/B/$/ctul '/ 2la$"#B au B/$/ctul '/ 2"'/aB?%


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ituatii 5# c/ 3a ura r/4ultat/l/ "0ti#ut/ 2/ u# a#u3it / a#ti"# al 2"2ulati/i 2"t ;6/#/rali4at/ la 5#tr/a6a 2"2ulati/ car/ / t/ &ala0ilitat/a /12/ri3/#t/l"r r/ali4at/%Î# t/r3/#ii 3/t"'"l"6i/i /12/ri3/#tal/ ac/a ta 2r"0l/3a / t/ tratata 5#tr " lucrar/a#t/ri"ara =A#it/i, )**8?% Î# c"#ti#uar/ #/ &"3 r/$/ri la a 2/ct/ 2articular/ al/6/#/rali4arii r/4ultat/l"r 5# c/rc/taril/ /12/ri3/#tal/ a u2ra 3/3"ri/i%Î#tr u# /12/ri3/#t /la0"rat '/ catr/ Crai i L"c @art =. )? a ur3arit ra2"rtul'i#tr/ #i&/lul 2r"c/ arii i#$"r3ati/i 5# 3"3/#tul 2/rc/2/rii u#ui 3at/rial ira#'a3/#tul 3/3"rarii% R/4ultat/l/ ac/ tui /12/ri3/#t au ri'icat u#/l/ 2r"0l/3/l/6at/ '/ 2" i0ilitat/a 6/#/rali4aril"r% C/i '"i aut"ri u ti# ca 3/3"ria 2"at/ ;&a4uta ca u# 2r"'u al 2/rc/2ti/i% Î# ac/ t/ c"#'itii #i&/l/l/ '/ 2r"c/ ar/2/rc/2ti&a &"r a$/cta 2r"'ucti&itat/a 3/3"ri/i% D/ /1/32lu, " 2/r "a#a car/cit/ t/ cu&7#tul B ac@tB 2"at/ r/ali4a 2/rc/2/r/a cu&7#tului la tr/i #i&/l/ '/2r"c/ ar/!.% la #i&/lul tra aturil"r a2ar/#t/, r/ 2/cti& #u3arul '/ lit/r/, '/ &"cal/ i#clu /#/ a a3 la #i&/lul 6ra$/3/l"r)% #i&/lul $"#/3atic 5# car/ '/ci'/3 'aca cu&7#tul B ac@tB /a3a#a $"#/3aticcu cu&7#tul B@"tB =;/r0i#t/? '/ i 6ra$/3/l/ c/l"r '"ua cu&i#t/ #u arata la $/l8% #i&/lul /3a#tic al a#ali4/i r/2r/4/#tat '/ 5#t/l/ ul cu&7#tului 2r/ u2u#/ "2r"c/ ar/ '/ 2r"$u#4i3/ car/ #/ c"#'uc/ la '/#u3ir/a cu&7#tului%P/rc/2tia ti3ulil"r =cu&i#t/ au "0i/ct/? 2r/ u2u#/ tr/c/r/a '/ la #i&/l/ i#$/ri"ar/'/ 2r"c/ ar/ u2/r;ciala la #i&/l/ u2/ri"ar/ '/ 2r"c/ ar/ a2r"$u#'ata%C"r/ 2u#4at"r a&/3 i 5# ca4ul 3/3"ri/i '/ a $ac/ cu ac/ t ti2 '/ 2r"c/ ar/%Î# /12/ri3/#tul l"r, c/i '"i aut"ri, au 2r/4/#tat u0i/ctil"r u# #u3ar '/ -* '/cu&i#t/ i l/ au 2u u# #u3ar '/ tr/i 5#tr/0ari l/6at/ '/ ;/car/ cu&7#t '/ 2/ li taur3ari#'u / a t$/l #i&/lul '/ 2r"c/ ar/% D/ /1/32lu, 2/#tru cu&7#tul B(EARB =ur ?

au 2u ur3at"ar/l/ 5#tr/0ari! .? cu&7#tul / t/ cri cu 3a>u cul/ =a#ali4au2/r;ciala, la #i&/lul 6ra$/3/l"r, a 3"'ului '/ ti2arir/? )? cu&7#tul ri3/a4a cu

BCHAIRB = cau#? =a#ali4a $"#/3atica? 8? cu&7#tul '/#u3/ t/ u# a#i3al =a#ali4a'/ 2r"$u#4i3/ &i47#' c"#ti#utul /3a#tic?%I2"t/4a c/l"r '"i aut"ri a $" t ca ti3ulii car/ u#t 2r"c/ ati la u# #i&/l 3ai ri'icat'/ 2r"$u#4i3/ $ata '/ c/i car/ u#t 2r"c/ ati u2/r;cial &"r ; 3ai 0i#/r/actuali4ati% I2"t/4a a $" t c"#;r3ata iar /12/ri3/#t/ ult/ri"ar/ au c"#;r3at lar7#'ul l"r r/4ultat/l/% S2r/ /1/32lu, Crai i Tul&i#6 =. +? au a2licat u# t/ t '/r/cu#"a t/r/ c"# t7#' 'i# -* '/ cu&i#t/ ti3uli la car/ u0i/ctii au ra 2u# cu c/l/tr/i 5#tr/0ari c/ &i4au #i&/lul '/ 2r"c/ ar/% La ac/ t/ -* '/ cu&i#t/ au $" ta'au6at/ .)* '/ cu&i#t/ #"i i a r/4ultat " li ta '/ . * '/ cu&i#t/ a3/ t/cat/%Sarci#a u0i/ctil"r a $" t a al/a6a c/l/ -* '/ cu&i#t/ 2r/4/#tat/ 5# 2ri3a $a4a a/12/ri3/#tului% R/4ultat/l/ au c"#;r3at t/"ria #i&/l/l"r '/ 2r"c/ ar/ "0ti#7#'u /u# 2r"c/#t a2r"2iat '/ .** 5# r/cu#"a t/r/a cu&i#t/l"r 2r"c/ at/ /3a#tic%

T"tu i i ac/ t/ r/4ultat/ au $" t 2u / u0 /3#ul 5#tr/0arii c"# i'/r7#'u / ca / t/circulara i i# ta0ila% Ac/ t lucru a 'at"rat $a2tului ca #u /1i ta " 3"'alitat/i#'/2/#'/#ta '/ a /&alua #i&/lul '/ 2r"$u#4i3/ al 2r"c/ arii% Or, $ara a ta27#ic"# tructul "2/rati"#al, t/"ria #i&/l/l"r '/ 2r"c/ ar/ ti#'/ a '/&i#a circulara!#i&/lul '/ 2r"$u#4i3/ al c/rc/tarii 2r"&"aca " 0u#a r/ti#/r/ a i#$"r3ati/i iar #i&/lul'/ r/ti#/r/ al i#$"r3ati/i 2/r3it/ " 2r"c/ ar/ 2r"$u#'a =(% Fa#t"


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/# i# =. ? i'/#ti;ca 2atru c"32"#/#t/ / /#tial/ 5# /la0"rar/a u#ui /12/ri3/#t'i# $/ra 3/3"ri/i 5# &/'/r/a a i6urarii 6/#/rali4arii r/4ultat/l"r! u0i/ctii car/ &"r; t/ tati, 3at/rialul $"l" it, ti2ul '/ arci#a i ti2ul '/ 2r"0/ utili4at/% S/ 2ar/ ca c/i'"i aut"ri ai tu'iului a3i#tit au $" t i#t/r/ ati '"ar '/ 2r"i/ctul, ituatia/12/ri3/#tala, r/ 2/cti& 5#tr/0aril/ car/ /&i'/#tia4a #i&/lul '/ 2r"c/ ar/ al

ti3ulil"r, 'ar #u au $" t u;ci/#t '/ i#t/r/ ati '/ c/l/lalt/ &aria0il/! t"ti u0i/ctii/rau tu'/#ti, t/ tul '/ 3/3"ri/ /ra '/ ti2ul r/cu#"a t/rii, 3at/rialul a c"# tat'i#tr " li ta '/ cu&i#t/% /# i# u0li#ia4a ca 5# "ric/ /12/ri3/#t tr/0ui/ a ;/3a#i2ulat/ i alt/ &aria0il/ 2/#tru a / &/'/a 'aca / 2"t "0ti#/ ac/l/a i r/4ultat/a t$/l 5#c7t a / a>u#6a la " 0u#a 6/#/rali4ar/ a ac/ t"ra%Ra2"rt7#'u #/ la /1i6/#t/l/ 2r"2u / '/ catr/ /# i# " 2ri3a 5#tr/0ar/ / t/ 'aca ialti "a3/#i, #u #u3ai tu'/#tii, 2"t ; t/ tati "0ti#7#'u / ac/l/a i r/4ultat/l/%C"r3a# i R/al/ =. ? au t/ tat 2aci/#ti cu i#'r"3ul F"r a "& =2 i@"4a '//ti"l"6i/ alc""lica "l'ata cu tul0urari 3i#tal/ caract/ri4at/ 2ri# a3#/4i/ ic"#$a0ulati/?% Î# 3"' ;r/ c, a c"# tat u# '/;cit 5# ca'rul r/cu#"a t/rii ir/2r"'uc/rii $ata '/ 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ u0i/ctil"r #"r3ali% P/ '/ alta 2art/, r/4ultat/l/au c"#;r3at $a2tul ca 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ /rau 3ai 0u#/ 5# ca4ul 2r"c/ arii /3a#tic/'/c7t 5# ca4ul 2r"c/ arii u2/r;cial/%Î#tr u# alt /12/ri3/#t, Mur2@ i (r"


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B/B, 2r/ /1/32lu, 2/#tru #i&/lul u2/r;cial '/ 2r"c/ ar/ i a a2r/ci/4/ 2lac/r/a2r"&"cata '/ cu&7#t, 2/#tru #i&/lul 2r"$u#' '/ 2r"c/ ar/% R/4ultat/l/ au c"#;r3atc"#clu4iil/ a#t/ri"ar/%Î# c//a c/ 2ri&/ t/ c/a '/ a 2atra /1i6/#ta a lui /# i# , 2ri&it"ar/ la ti2ul '/ t/ t/$"l" it/ 2/#tru /&aluar/a 3/3"ri/i, tr/0ui/ a 2u#/3 ca /&aluaril/ ta#'ar'i4at/

/ r/ali4/a4a 2ri# 2r"0/ '/ r/2r"'uc/r/ i '/ r/cu#"a t/r/% La a30/l/ ti2uri '/2r"0/ / a2lica /$/ctul #i&/l/l"r '/ 2r"c/ ar/, 5# ac/la i ti32, ;/car/ 2r"0a 5# i#// t/ /12r/ ia t/"ri/i #i&/l/l"r '/ 2r"c/ ar/ a t$/l 2r"0/l/ '/ r/cu#"a t/r/ / 2"t

u0"r'"#a #i&/lului u2/r;cial '/ 2r"c/ ar/ iar 2r"0/l/ '/ r/2r"'uc/r/, #i&/lului2r"$u#' '/ 2r"c/ ar/%

T"tu i /1i ta i /12/ri3/#t/ 5# car/ #i&/l/l/ '/ 2r"c/ ar/ #u au /$/ctul c"#tat auau u# /$/ct i#&/r % M"rri i c"la0% =. ? au r/ali4at r/2licari &ariat/ al//12/ri3/#tului lui Crai i Tul&i#6% Î#tr u# a t$/l '/ /12/ri3/#t u0i/ctii tr/0uiau a$aca a2r/ci/ri a u2ra cu&i#t/l"r la #i&/lul '/ 2r"c/ ar/ $"#/3atic ='/ /1/32lu, 'acaBEAGLEB ri3/a4a cu BLEGALB? au la #i&/lul /3a#tic ='/ /1/32lu, 'aca BEAGLEB/ t/ " 2a ar/?% Aut"rii au 2"r#it '/ la i2"t/4a ca " 2r"c/ ar/ 2r"$u#'a c"#'uc/ la "3ai 0u#a 3/3"rar/% Î# 2r"0a '/ r/cu#"a t/r/ ta#'ar' 5# car/ cu&i#t/l/ ti3ul au$" t a3/ t/cat/ cu alt/ cu&i#t/ au c"#;r3at r/4ultat/l/ lui Crai i Tul&i#6%Al '"il/a 6ru2 '/ u0i/cti au a&ut '/ r/4"l&at " 2r"0a '/ r/cu#"a t/r/ a ri3/i 5#car/ tr/0uiau a al/a6a '/ 2/ " li ta cu&i#t/l/ car/ ri3/a4a cu cu&i#t/l/ tu'iat/a#t/ri"r% D/ a ta 'ata, 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ au $" t 3ai 0u#/ 5# ca4ul 5# car/ cu&i#t/l/ au$" t tu'iat/ u0 a 2/ctul $"#/3atic =9 ra 2u# uri c"r/ct/? '/c7t 5# ca4ul2r"c/ arii /3a#tic/ =88 ra 2u# uri c"r/ct/?% Ac/ t /$/ct a $" t ar6u3/#tat '/catr/ M"rri i c"la0"rat"rii ai 2ri# $a2tul ca #ici u# ti2 '/ 2r"c/ ar/ #u / t/ 'i#

tart u2/ri"r au i#$/ri"r i ca /$/ct/l/ '/2i#' '/ 3"'ul 5# car/ / t/ $"l" itai#$"r3atia% Ei au r/#u#tat la #i&/l/l/ '/ 2r"c/ ar/ 5# $a&"ar/a c"#c/2tului '/2r"c/ ar/a a'/c&ata a tra# $/rului% A t$/l, 'aca u# t/ t #/c/ ita $"l" ir/a 2r"c/ arii$"#/3atic/ atu#ci ac/a ta &a c"#'uc/ la 2/r$"r3a#t/ u2/ri"ar/% Di# ac/ t/12/ri3/#t a r/4ultat ca /$/ctul #i&/l/l"r '/ 2r"c/ ar/ #u 2"at/ ; 6/#/rali4at2/#tru t"at/ ti2uril/ '/ 2r"0/% T"tu i, la " 2ri&ir/ at/#ta, / 2"at/ 2u#/ ca2r"c/ ar/a 2/rc/2ti&a 2ri# i#t/r3/'iul ri3/i #u cr/'/3 ca / t/ " 2r"c/ ar/ '/2r"$u#4i3/ ci 'i32"tri&a 2/#tru ca /a a2/l/a4a la u# a 2/ct /1t/ri"r al cu&7#tului

i #u la u#ul /3a#tic% A2"i, 'i$/r/#t/l/ '/ 2/r$"r3a#ta calculat/ 5# 2r"c/#t/ #u2u# #i3ic '/ 2r/ /3#i;catia tati tica a 'i$/r/#t/l"r a t$/l 5#c7t a&/3 /ri"a /

5#'"i/li 2ri&it"ar/ la r/4ultat/l/ "0ti#ut/ '/ M"rri i c"la0"rat"rii ai%)%) M"'/l/ /12/ri3/#tal/! i#t/ractiu#/a &aria0il/l"rU#a 'i#tr/ /1i6/#t/l/ 3a>"r/ 5# r/ali4ar/a /12/ri3/#t/l"r 2 i@"l"6ic/ / t/c"#&/r6/#ta '/3/r uril"r /12/ri3/#tal/ 2ri# utili4ar/a 3ai 3ult"r &aria0il/i#'/2/#'/#t/ i a i#t/ractiu#il"r 'i#tr/ /l/% P/#tru a ilu tra 'i$/rit/l/ ti2uri '/i#t/ractiu#i &"3 $ac/ a2/l la /&i'/#ti/r/a 'i$/r/#t/l"r 5#tr/ 2r"0/l/ 2/#tru tu'iul3/3"ri/i /12licit/ i 2r"0/l/ 2/#tru tu'iul 3/3"ri/i i32licit/%Î# ca4ul 3/3"ri/i /12licit/ u#t $"l" it/ t/ t/ '/ r/actuali4ar/ li0/ra i u0i/ctul/ t/ a&/rti4at ca &a ; "licitat a r/cu#"a ca au a r/2r"'uca 5#tr " 3a#i/rac"# ti/#ta 3at/rialul tu'iat a#t/ri"r%Î# ca4ul 3/3"ri/i i32licit/ #u / $ac/ #ici " r/$/rir/ la /12/ri/#t/l/ a#t/ri"ar/%U# /12/ri3/#t ilu trati& / t/ c/l '/ c"32l/tar/ a u#"r cu&i#t/ cu lit/r/l/ car/li2 / c =(% Fa#t"


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Daca &i4uali4ar/a a 2r"'u cu 2uti# ti32 5#ai#t/ atu#ci 2r"c/#tul ra 2u# uril"rc"r/ct/ 2"at/ a>u#6/ la +* ++ %Î# ac/ t ti2 '/ /12/ri3/#t / t/ 3a urata 3/3"ria i32licita '/"ar/c/ u0i/ctului #ui / c/r/ a i a3i#t/a ca cu&i#t/l/ &i4uali4at/ a#t/ri"r, 'ar 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ l"r u#t3ult a3/li"rat/ '/ ac/ t/ 2r/4/#tari a#t/ri"ar/ i '/ curtar/a i#t/r&alului '/ ti32

5#tr/ 2r/4/#tar/a a#t/ri"ara i &/ri;car/a ult/ri"ara% S a i32u a t$/l tu'i/r/aa2art/ i a /$/ctului '/ 2r/6atir/ a#t/ri"ara =/$/ctul '/ B2ri3i#6B?% S a 2r/4/#tat

u0i/ctil"r " li ta '/ .* cu&i#t/ i a2"i au 2ri3it .* $ra63/#t/ 2/#tru cu&i#t/l/tu'iat/ a#t/ri"r i alt/ .* $ra63/#t/ 2/#tru cu&i#t/ 5#ca #/ tu'iat/% T"ti ti3ulii au

$" t a3/ t/cati al/at"riu% Ma ura /$/ctului 2r/6atirii r/4ulta 'i# ca'/r/a 2r"2"rti/iit/3il"r #/ tu'iati 'i# 2r"2"rtia it/3il"r tu'iati% D/ /1/32lu, 'aca / r/4"l&a ci#ci'i# 4/c/ cu&i#t/ tu'iat/ =+* ? i '"ua 'i# c/l/ #/ tu'iat/ =)* ?, #i&/lul /$/ctului'/ 2r/6atir/ / t/ '/ 8* =+* )* ?%O alta &aria#ta a /12/ri3/#tului "licita u0i/ctil"r c"32l/tar/a u#ui cu&7#t car// t/ 2r/4/#tat '"ar cu lit/r/l/ '/ la 5#c/2ut ='/ /1/32lu, BELE B?% C"# tata3 ca

u0i/ctul ar/ 3ai 3ult/ &aria#t/ '/ c"32l/tar/! elephant element ele!ant /tc%Su0i/ctil"r li a 2r/4/#tat a#t/ri"r " li ta '/ cu&i#t/, '/ci li a $acut " 2r/6atir/,'ar #u au $" t a&/rti4ati '/ #/c/ itat/a r/a3i#tirii 3at/rialului r/ 2/cti&% U#ii aut"riau a;r3at ca ac/ t ti2 '/ 2r"0/ r/ /cta " a a #u3ita B3/3"ri/ $ara c"# tii#taB'/"ar/c/ 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ / 530u#atat/ c $ara ca u0i/cti a ;/ c"# ti/#ti '/ r/latia'i#tr/ 2r"0a, arci#a i 3at/rial/l/ tu'iat/%U# alt /1/32lu '/ 3"'/lar/ /12/ri3/#tala car/ a2/l/a4a la 3ai 3ult/ &aria0il/i#'/2/#'/#t/ i la i#t/ractiu#/a 'i#tr/ /l/ / t/ /12/ri3/#tul '/ $a urat '/ catr/

arri#6t"# i /i ra#t4 =. *?% Aut"rii au a&ut 'r/2t c"2 /&i'/#ti/r/a 'i ti#cti/i'i#tr/ 3/3"ria /12licita i c/a i32licita cu a>ut"rul u#"r u0i/cti a3#/4ici% Su0i/ctii

u$/r/au '/ a3#/4i/ 2r"&"cata '/ alc""li 3 cr"#ic, a#"r/1i/, i#t/r&/#tiic@irur6ical/ au l/4iu#i 2/ cr/i/r% Ac/ ti u0i/cti 2"t a&/a i#tact/ alt/ $u#ctii al/cr/i/rului 'ar #u i 2"t a3i#ti au #u 2"t r/cu#"a t/ =t"tal au 5#tr " 3ica 3a ura?i#$"r3atiil/ r/c/#t 2r/4/#tat/% D/ /1/32lu, u# 2aci/#t u$/ri#' '/ ac/ t ti2 '/a3#/4i/ 'u2a " 'i cuti/ cu /12/ri3/#tat"rul, la curt ti32, #u l a 3ai r/cu#" cut i#u i a a3i#tit 'i cutia a#t/ri"ara%Î# ur3a cu 2/ t/ 8* '/ a#i 2r/'"3i#a i2"t/4a ca a3#/4icii #u au ca2acitat/a '/ a

5#&ata #"il/ i#$"r3atii 2/ cal/ &/r0ala% C/rc/taril/ c/l"r '"i aut"ri au c@i30at 5#3"' ra'ical c"#c/2tia a u2ra a3#/4i/i i a u2ra 3/3"ri/i 5# 6/#/ral%Î# /12/ri3/#tul l"r " 2ri3a 2r"0a a $" t tra'iti"#ala, '/ 3/3"ri/ /12licita,

"licit7#' r/actuali4ar/a li0/ra% Su0i/ctii tr/0uiau a i r/a3i#t/a ca c7t 3ai 3ult/cu&i#t/ 'i#tr " li ta '/ )9 '/ cu&i#t/% A3#/4icii i au a3i#tit 88 $ata '/ 6ru2ul '/c"#tr"l =+9 ?% R/4ultat/l/ au $" t '/ci c/l/ a t/2tat/%Î# a '"ua 2r"0a, &i47#' 3/3"ria i32licita, u0i/ctii au &i4uali4at cu&i#t/ Bcu'/$/ct/B 'i# 2u#ct '/ &/'/r/ 2/rc/2tual, cu a#u3it/ 2arti t/r /, "3i /, a t$/l 5#c7t

a #u 2"ata ; i'/#ti;cat/ '/ u0i/cti 5#ai#t/ '/ a2licar/a 2r"0/i% Su0i/ctil"r li ac/rut a i'/#ti;c/ cu&7#tul i a 5l '/#u3/a ca% S a ur3arit i 5# ac/ t ca42/r$"r3a#ta a3#/4icil"r c"32arati& cu c/a a u0i/ctil"r #"r3ali% Î#ai#t/ '/ a2r/4/#ta r/4ultat/l/ a 5#c/rca3 a /&i'/#ti/3 3"'ul 5# car/ aut"rii au &al"ri;cati#t/ractiu#/a &aria0il/l"r%D"ua &aria0il/ i#t/racti"#/a4a atu#ci c7#' /$/ctul u#/ia 'i#tr/ /l/ 3"'i;ca /$/ctulc/l/ilalt/, la 'i$/rit/ #i&/l/% Î# ca4ul #" tru 2r"0/l/ '/ 3/3"ri/ i32licita i /12licita2u# 5# /&i'/#ta " /ri/ '/ i#t/ractiu#i% C/i '"i aut"ri au a&a# at 2atru &aria#t/2" i0il/ '/ r/4ultat/!


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% 5# 2ri3a &aria#ta, 6ru2ul '/ c"#tr"l ar/ 2/r$"r3a#t/ 3ai 0u#/ '/c7t a3#/4icii laa30/l/ ti2uri '/ t/ t/% Nu / c"# tata #ici " i#t/ractiu#/ 5#tr/ ti2ul t/ tului i3/3"ri/% La ;/car/ #i&/l al u#/i &aria0il/ =ti2 '/ 2r"0a? a "0 /r&at ac/la i /$/ctla #i&/lul c/l/ilalt/ &aria0il/% 5# a '"ua &aria#ta, 6ru2ul '/ c"#tr"l ar/ 2/r$"r3a#t/ 3ai 0u#/ la 2r"0a '/3/3"ri/ /12licita ='/ r/actuali4ar/ li0/ra?, iar a3#/4icii au r/4ultat/ /6al/ cu c/l/al/ 6ru2ului '/ c"#tr"l la 2r"0a '/ 3/3"ri/ i32licita% Î# ac/ t ca4 /$/ctul u#/i&aria0il/ i#'/2/#'/#t/ / c@i30a 5# $u#cti/ '/ #i&/lul alt/i &aria0il/ i#'/2/#'/#t/% 5# al tr/il/a ca4, 6ru2ul '/ c"#tr"l "0ti#/ r/4ultat/ 3ai 0u#/ la 2r"0/l/ '/ 3/3"ri//12licita iar a3#/4icii "0ti# r/4ultat/ 3ai 0u#/ la 2r"0/l/ '/ 3/3"ri/ i32licita% Î#ac/ t ca4 2ri3a &aria0ila i#'/2/#'/#ta ar/ u# /$/ct la u# a#u3it #i&/l al c/l/i '/ a'"ua 'ar u# /$/ct t"tal "2u la alt #i&/l% 5# al 2atrul/a ca4, 6ru2ul '/ c"#tr"l 2r/4i#ta " u2/ri"ritat/ /&i'/#ta la 2r"0a '/3/3"ri/ /12licita 'ar i la c/a '/ 3/3"ri/ i32licita%R/4ultat/l/ "0ti#ut/ ilu tr/a4a al '"il/a ti2 '/ i#t/ractiu#/% :a2tul ca a3#/4icii aur/4ultat/ a /3a#at"ar/ cu 6ru2ul '/ c"#tr"l la 2r"0a '/ 3/3"ri/ i32licita 2ar/2ara'"1al la 2ri3a 2ri&ir/ 'ar 'aca a&/3 5# &/'/r/ $a2tul ca 3/3"ria i32licita2u#/ 5# actiu#/ '/2ri#'/ri aut"3ati4at/ atu#ci ituatia / /12lica '/ tul '/r/4"#a0il%Pu#7#'u i 2r"0l/3a 6/#/rali4arii ac/ t"r r/4ultat/ i la alt/ ti2uri '/ 2r"0/, /l'"#

i R"/'i6/r =. ? au tu'iat u2/ri"ritat/a r/actuali4arii i3a6i#il"r $ata '/ cu&i#t/i la 2r"0/l/ '/ 3/3"ri/ i32licita% Su0i/ctil"r li au 2r/4/#tat 2r/ tu'iu tr/i /turi

'/ it/3i 5#tr " 3a#i/ra c"#tra0ala# ata! 2ri3ul 6ru2 a &i4uali4at i3a6i#/a =u#/l/$a#t?, al '"il/a 6ru2 a &i4uali4at cu&7#tul car/ '/#u3/a a#i3alul r/ 2/cti& iar altr/il/a 6ru2 #u a 2ri3it #ici i3a6i#/a #ici cu&7#tul% A2"i, u0i/ctii au $" t u2u iu#/i 2r"0/ '/ 3/3"ri/ /12licita, '/ r/actuali4ar/ li0/ra i u#/i 2r"0/ '/ 3/3"ri/i32licita, '/ c"32l/tar/ '/ cu&i#t/% Î# 2r"0a '/ 3/3"ri/ /12licita tr/0uiau a ia3i#t/a ca i a cri/ 2/ " $"ai/ c7t 3ai 3ult/ i3a6i#i i cu&i#t/% R/4ultat/l/ au$" t 3ai 0u#/ la i3a6i#i 'ar $ara " 'i$/r/#ta /3#i;cati&a% La 2r"0a '/ 3/3"ri/i32licita u0i/ctii au a&ut '/ c"32l/tat cu&i#t/ $ra63/#tat/% La ac/a ta 2r"0a2/r$"r3a#t/l/ au $" t u2/ri"ar/ la cu&i#t/ $ata '/ i3a6i#i% Ac/ t/ r/4ultat/ au 2u

5# /&i'/#ta i#t/ractiu#/a 5#tr/ 3/3"ria i32licita i c/a /12licita la u0i/ctii #"r3ali%Î# /12/ri3/#t/l/ 3ulti$act"rial/ / 3a#i2ul/a4a i3ulta# '"ua, tr/i au 3ai 3ult/&aria0il/ cu3 ar ;! ti2ul 2r"0/i, '/;citul '/ 3/3"ri/ i #i&/lul '/ 2r"c/ ar/% Î#tr u#ca4 u0i/ctii tr/0ui/ a #u3/r/ &"cal/l/ u#ui cu&7#t iar 5# c/lalalt a $"r3ul/4/ "2r"2"4iti/ cu ;/car/ cu&7#t% =C"#$"r3 c/l"r '"ua #i&/l/ '/ 2r"c/ ar/! u2/r;cial i2r"$u#'%? Su0i/ctii car/ $"r3ul/a4a 2r"2"4itii "0ti# 2/r$"r3a#t/ 3ai 0u#/ 5#r/actuali4ar/ '/c7t c/i car/ au #u3arat &"cal/%O &aria#ta a ac/ tui /12/ri3/#t / t/ r/ali4ata i cu u0i/cti a3#/4ici% At7t la 2r"0a'/ 3/3"ri/ /12licita c7t i la c/a '/ 3/3"ri/ i32licita #u a2ar 'i$/r/#t/

/3#i;cati&/ 5#tr/ 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ u0i/ctil"r a3#/4ici i al/ 6ru2ului '/ c"#tr"l%Dar, 2ri# 3a#i2ular/a c/l/i '/ a tr/ia &aria0il/, car/ / r/$/ra la #i&/lul '/2r"c/ ar/, / 3"'i;ca #atura i#t/ractiu#il"r 5#tr/ c/l/lalt/ '"ua &aria0il/%)%8 I#t/r$/r/#ta i uitar/O cau4a i32"rta#ta a uitarii / t/ i#t/r$/r/#ta% Î# ac/ t ca4 uitar/a / t/ '/t/r3i#ata'/ " alta ituati/, /&/#i3/#t, acti&itat/ '/ 5#&atar/ car/ i#t/r&i#/ 5#ai#t/ au 'u2ac/a actuala% C/a 3ai 3ar/ 2art/ a tu'iil"r a u2ra 5#&atarii u3a#/, 5# 2ri3a

>u3atat/ a /c"lului al XX l/a, au a1at 2/ i#t/r$/r/#ta i r"lul /i 5# 3/3"rar/%M ll/r i Pil4/c /r =. **? au ta0ilit c/l/0ra 2ara'i63a a 3"'/lului /12/ri3/#tal '/

tu'iu a i#t/r$/r/#t/i! A (, A C% Î# /12/ri3/#tul l"r au $"l" it li t/ '/ ila0/ $ara /#


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= arci#a A? a "ciat/ cu " li ta '/ cu&i#t/ =a'>/cti&/ au u0 ta#ti&/, '/#u3itaarci#a (?% Du2a u# ti32 u0i/ctil"r l/ /ra 2r/4/#tata arci#a A a "ciata cu " #"ua

li ta '/ cu&i#t/ = arci#a C?% S a c"# tatat ca r/a3i#tir/a li t/l"r A ( la u0i/ctii car/au 2ri3it i li t/l/ A C /ra 3ai la0a '/c7t la u0i/ctii car/ au 2ri3it #u3ai li t/l/ A(, c//a c/ '/3"# tr/a4a /1i t/#ta u#/i i#@i0itii r/tr"acti&/! 3at/rialul &/c@i a $" tuitat 'i# cau4a i# u/#t/i 2ut/r#ic/ /1/rcitat/ '/ 3at/rialul #"u%S a '/3"# trat i /1i t/#ta u#/i i#@i0itii 2r"acti&/ a'uca i#t/r$/r/#ta u#ui 3at/rial

5#&atat, 3ai &/c@i, a u2ra u#ui 3at/rial 3ai #"u% Î# ac/ t ca4 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ 5# 5#&atar/a li t/i A C / r/'uc/ 'at"rita /1i t/#t/i 5#&atarii a#t/ri"ar/ a arci#il"r A (%M/lt"# i &"# Lac u3 =. 9.? au c"32arat /$/ct/l/ i#@i0iti/i 2r"acti&/ i r/tr"acti&/2ri#tr u# tu'iu car/ a aratat ca /$/ct/l/ i#@i0iti/i r/tr"acti&/ u#t 3ai 2ut/r#ic/'/c7t c/l/ al/ i#@i0iti/i 2r"acti&/%U#'/r


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c7t i c/l/ r/tr"acti&/ u#t a32li;cat/% Ac/a ta a32li;car/ 2ar/ a ;/ 3ai 2ut/r#ica 5# ca4ul i#t/r$/r/#t/i 2r"acti&/%Î# ca4ul 5# car/ / t/ t/a4a r/2r"'uc/r/a i '"ua au 3ai 3ult/ li t/ / r/6a / c 5#/12/ri/#ta a#t/ri"ara a u0i/ctului, i3ilaritat/a 'i#tr/ i#$"r3atiil/ li t/l"r'i3i#u/a4a 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ 3/3"rarii 2/#tru ca i#'icii i3ilari ti#' a /r/actuali4/4/ '/ 2/ a30/l/ li t/ i / 2r"'uc /$/ct/ '/ i#t/r$/r/#ta r/tr"acti&a i2r"acti&a%Î# ca4ul 5# car/ / t/ t/a4a ca2acitat/a '/ r/cu#"a t/r/, ituati/ 5# car/ i#'ic/l/r/actuali4arii / t/ i#$"r3atia 5# a i, /$/ct/l/ 2r"acti&/ i r/tr"acti&/ a2ar " 'ata cu/l/3/#t/l/ i3ilar/ 'i# li t/ car/ u#t a "ciat/ cu c"#t/1tul% )%9 T/@#ici, 2r"c/'//, a2aratura Mult/ 'i#tr/ 2r"c/'//l/ '/ tu'iu /12/ri3/#tal a u2ra 3/3"ri/i 5 i au"ri6i#/a la 5#c/2uturil/ 2 i@"l"6i/i /12/ri3/#tal/ i /l/ 5 i 3/#ti# 5# c/a 3ai 3ar/2art/ actualitat/a i 2"t ; utili4at/ cu ucc/ 5# tu'iil/ r/ali4at/ '/ catr/ tu'/#ti 5#la0"rat"rul '/ 2 i@"l"6i/ /12/ri3/#tala ='u2a Al% R" ca, . . Nic Ha / , Su/Orr/ll, . 8 N% Lu#6u, )*** (% Fa#t"/cti&/, u0 ta#ti&/, &/r0/, ;6uri i32l/, c"32l/1/,cu au $ara 5#t/l/ , #u3/r/ i32l/ alcatuit/ 'i#tr " i#6ura ci$ra au #u3/r/c"32l/1/, 2r"2"4itii, $ra63/#t/ '/ 2r"4a, &/r uri% Î# li t/l/ '/ cu&i#t/, $ra63/#t/l/'/ 2r"4a, &/r uri tr/0ui/ a / ti#a /a3a '/ 6ra'ul '/ $a3iliaritat/ 2/#tru u0i/cti,

5# li30a 3at/r#a% S/ 3ai 2"t utili4a ca 3at/rial/! i3a6i#i, c/#/ &i4ual/ au ti3uli"#"ri% Ca i# tru3/#t/ 2"t ; utili4at/! ta@i t" c"2ul, ca /t"$"#ul au calculat"rul%

Pr"c/'/ul a#tici2arii /rial/ =E00i#6@au , . +?% Ac/ t 2r"c/'/u a $" t c/l 3aii#t/# utili4at '/ catr/ E00i#6@au % S/ /la0"r/a4a " li ta '/ ila0/ $ara /# , a2"i /2r/4i#ta u0i/ctului '/ '"ua au tr/i "ri la r7#' 5#tr/a6a /ri/% Du2a u# a#u3iti#t/r&al '/ ti32 tr/0ui/ a i r/a3i#t/a ca% R/a3i#tir/a / t/ ti3ulata 2ri#2r/4/#tar/a 2ri3ului t/r3/# al /ri/i% Daca 6r/ / t/, u0i/ctul / t/ c"r/ctat, iar'aca #u ra 2u#'/ i / 2u#/ /l/3/#tul ur3at"r% A t$/l, u0i/ctul tr/0ui/ aa#tici2/4/ 3/r/u ur3at"rul /l/3/#t al /ri/i% Pr"0a / r/2/ta '/ 3ai 3ult/ "ri 27#a

/ a>u#6/ la ci$ra + a#tici2ari c"r/ct/ au 27#a / a>u#6/ la " a#tici2ar/ c"r/ctaa 5#tr/6ii /rii%I#t/r&alul '/ 2r/4/#tar/ al ti3ulil"r / t/ '/ tr/i au '"ua /cu#'/, iar i#t/r&alul'i#tr/ 2r/4/#taril/ u#/i /rii 2"at/ ; '/ #"ua au a / /cu#'/%:"art/ i32"rta#ta / t/ 3/#ti#/r/a "r'i#ii ila0/l"r 5# li ta a t$/l 5#c7t ;/car/ ila0ac"# titui/ at7t ti3ul c7t i ra 2u# , r/ali47#'u / u# la#t a "ciati&% D/ i6ur ca2ri3a ila0a / t/ '"ar ti3ul, iar ulti3a / t/ '"ar ra 2u# %E&aluar/a 2/r$"r3a#t/i / r/ali4/a4a 2ri# #u3arul '/ /r"ri, calitat/a ac/ t"ra, ti2ul'/ /r"ri c/l/ 3ai $r/c&/#t/ 2r/cu3 i ti32ul '/ ra 2u# %Pr"c/'/ul /&aluarii 3/3"ri/i i3/'iat/ =E00i#6@au , . +?% Ac/ t 2r"c/'/u &i4/a4a/&aluar/a ca2acitatii '/ t"car/ a 3/3"ri/i '/ curta 'urata /&alu7#'u / c/a 3ailu#6a /ri/ '/ /l/3/#t/ 2/ car/ u0i/ctul " 2"at/ r/2r"'uc/ c"r/ct 'u2a " i#6ura2r/4/#tar/%Mat/rial/l/ $"l" it/ 2"t ;! ila0/ $ara /# , ci$r/, lit/r/, cu&i#t/, 2r"2"4itii /tc%


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M"'ul '/ 2r/4/#tar/! / 2r/4i#ta " i#6ura 'ata, iar /riil/ tr/0ui/ a ai0a 6ra'/'i$/rit/ '/ 'i;cultat/ 5# 3"' "0i #uit / 5#c/2/ cu /rii 3ai u "r '/ r/ti#ut /utili4/a4a 3ai 3ult/ li t/ i / cit/ t/ ;/car/ ti3ul /2arat, la i#t/r&al/ /6al/ '/ti32%I#'icat"rii '/ 2/r$"r3a#ta / calcul/a4a 5# 0a4a #u3arului a0 "lut '/ /rii c"r/ct3/3"rat/ i a 2r"c/#tului ac/ t"ra 'i# t"talul /riil"r 2r/4/#tat/%Pr"c/'/ul a "ciatiil"r 2/r/c@i =Cal i# , . 9?%Mat/rial/! cu&i#t/, #u3/r/, cul"ri cu&i#t/l/ 2"t ;! u0 ta#ti&/, a'>/cti&/, &/r0//l/3/#t/l/ / c"30i#a 5#tr/ /l/ 'u2a $"r3ula cu&i#t/ #u3/r/, cul"ri #u3/r/ aucu&i#t/ cul"ri / alcatui/ c li t/ '/ ti3uli alcatuit/ 5# 3"' "0i #uit 'i# .* 27#a la.+ 2/r/c@i '/ cu&i#t/%S/ 2r/4i#ta li t/l/ '/ ti3uli /2arat! la ;/car/ li ta / 2r/4i#ta 2/ r7#' ;/car/2/r/c@/ la i#t/r&al/ '/ '"ua /cu#'/%Î# $a4a '/ r/actuali4ar/ / 2r/4i#t/ 'i# #"u /ria 'ar #u3ai cu 2ri3ul /l/3/#tur37#' ca u0i/ctul a c"#ti#u/ /ria "r'i#/a '/ ucc/ iu#/ tr/0ui/ a ;/ 3/r/u

c@i30ata, #u3arul 2r/4/#taril"r / t/ li0/r 'ar #u tr/0ui/ a '/t/r3i#/ .**ra 2u# uri c"r/ct/%E&aluar/a 2/r$"r3a#t/l"r / $ac/ 2ri# /&i'/#ti/r/a #u3arului '/ ra 2u# uric"r/ct/, 6r/ it/ i "3i iu#i 'i#tr " li ta% D/ a /3/#/a, / 2"at/ /&alua 2ri#2r"c/#tul '/ ra 2u# uri c"r/ct/ $ata '/ 2r"c/#tul 3a1i3%Pr"c/'/ul r/cu#"a t/rii, / r/ali4/a4a 2"r#i#'u / '/ la ti3ulii "ri6i#ali la car/ /a'au6a i altii #"i 'i# ac//a i 6ru2a '/ ti3uli% Nu3arul ti3ulil"r #"i #u tr/0ui/ a'/2a /a ca " 2r"2"rti/ '/ tr/i la u#u%Sti3ulii &/c@i i #"i / a3/ t/ca i / 2r/4i#ta 5#tr " "r'i#/ al/at"ar/ &i4ual auau'iti& u0i/ctul tr/0ui/ a r/cu#"a ca ti3ulii &/c@i%S/ 2"at/ calcula u# c"/;ci/#t '/ r/cu#"a t/r/ calculat 'u2a $"r3ula ,

u#'/ C ra 2u# uri c"r/ct/ E ra 2u# uri 6r/ it/ i T t"talul ti3ulil"r &/c@i i#"i%Pr"c/'/ul r/2r"'uc/rii /rial/, 2r"2u '/ catr/ (artl/tt, / '/ $a "ara a t$/l!

u0i/ctul a culta au cit/ t/ " 2"&/ t/ ur37#' ca a2"i a " r/2r"'uca ;/ 5# cri ,;/ r/2"&/ ti#' " alt/i 2/r "a#/% Ur3at"ar/a 2/r "a#a tr/0ui/ a $aca ac/la i lucru

%a%3%'% Pr"c/'/ul a3i#t/ t/ '/ >"cul 'i# c"2ilari/ #u3it Bt/l/$"#ul $ara ;rB i2/r3it/ i#&/ ti6ar/a 'i t"r iu#il"r car/ / 2r"'uc 2/ 2arcur ul r/2r"'uc/ril"r

ucc/ i&/% Ac/la i 2r"c/'/u 2"at/ a ;/ utili4at i 2ri# '/ /#ar/a u#/i ;6uri! 2ri3ulu0i/ct 5#c/arca a r/2r"'uca " ;6ura, a2"i ac/a ta r/2r"'uc/r/ / t/ 2r/4/#tata

ur3at"rului u0i/ct car/ 'u2a c/ " &/'/ &a tr/0ui i /l a " r/2r"'uca %a%3%'% S/c"# tata " 3"'i;car/ a i#$"r3ati/i, " r/'uc/r/ a /i la c@/3/l/ 2r"2rii u0i/ctului,la /12/ri/#t/l/ i cu#" ti#t/l/ al/% D/$"r3ar/a 2"at/ ; a2r"a2/ t"tala% :/#"3/#ulr/ 2/cti& / 3a#i$/ ta i 5# 2r"'uc/r/a 4&"#uril"r% Mai al/ 5# ituatii '/ cri4a

t/#'i#ta '/ 'i t"r iu#/ / t/ acc/#tuata '/ $act"ri a$/cti&i /3"ti"#ali, '/ #/&"i/"a3/#il"r '/ a i /12lica ituatiil/, taril/ '/ i#c/rtitu'i#/%Pr"c/'/ul r/c"# tructi/i, 2r"2u '/ catr/ M # t/r0/r6 i (i6@a3, c"# ta 5#ur3at"ar/l/! / 2r/4i#ta u0i/ctil"r " /ri/ '/ /l/3/#t/ =cu&i#t/, ci$r/, i3a6i#i,;6uri? 5#tr " a#u3ita "r'i#/, a2"i ac//a i ti3uli u#t 2r/4/#tati 5#tr " "r'i#/a3/ t/cata arci#a u0i/ctului / t/ a r/c"# truia ca /ria '/ /l/3/#t/ 5# "r'i#/a"ri6i#ala% S/ &a 2r"'uc/ " 'i$/r/#ta '/ ra#6 5#tr/ "r'i#/a "ri6i#ala i c/a #"ua%E&aluar/a 2/r$"r3a#t/l"r / r/ali4/a4a 2ri# /&aluar/a 'i$/r/#t/i '/ ra#6 5#tr/2r/4/#tar/a "ri6i#ala i r/c"# tructia u0i/ctului / 2"at/ calcula c"/;ci/#tul '/


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c"r/lati/ S2/ar3a#% Cu c7t &al"ar/a ac/ tui c"/;ci/#t / t/ 3ai ri'icata =i'/ala2r"2iata '/ u#u? cu at7t 2/r$"r3a#ta u0i/ctil"r &a ; 3ai 0u#a%Î#tr " alta &aria#ta 5#c/rcaril/ 2"t ; c"#ti#uat/ 27#a c7#' u0i/ctul r/u / t/ "r/c"# tructi/ $ara /r"ar/% Î# ac/ t ca4 2/r$"r3a#ta / t/ 'ata '/ ti32ul #/c/ ar i'/ #u3arul '/ 5#c/rcari%Pr"c/'/ul /c"#"3i/i 2r"2u i#itial '/ catr/ E00i#6@au i '/4&"ltat '/ catr/Hil6ar'%Î# 2ri3a /ta2a u0i/ctul tr/0ui/ a $aca $ata u#/i arci#i '/ 3/3"rar/ a u#"r3at/rial/ = ila0/ $ara /# , cu&i#t/, ci$r/, lit/r/, ;6uri /tc%? ur3ata '/ r/2r"'uc/r/aac/ t"r i#$"r3atii / /&alu/a4a 2/r$"r3a#ta 5# r/2r"'uc/r/a i#itiala a2"i, / la au# i#t/r&al '/ ti32 &aria0il 5# $u#cti/ '/ #/c/ itatil/ /12/ri3/#tal/ car/ &i4/a4aca2acitat/a 3/3"ri/i '/ lu#6a 'urata ="r/, 4il/, a2ta37#i, lu#i au c@iar a#i '/4il/?%Î# al '"il/a 3"3/#t, u0i/ctul tr/0ui/ a r/5#&/t/ ac/la i 3at/rial, 5# ac/l/a ic"#'itii i, a2"i, / t/ u2u u#/i 2r"0/ '/ r/2r"'uc/r/ c"32ar7#'u /2/r$"r3a#t/l/ cu c/l/ i#itial/% Ec"#"3ia / t/ 'ata '/ 'i$/r/#t/l/ calitati&/ 5#tr/2ri3a i a '"ua 3/3"rar/% Hil6ar' a 2r"2u " $"r3ula '/ calcul a c"/;ci/#tului/c"#"3i/i r/lati&/! u#'/! IO #u3arul '/ 5#c/rcari 5# 2ri3a /ta2a

="ri6i#ala? '/ 3/3"rar/ C #u3arul '/ 5#c/rcari #/c/ ar/ 27#a la "0ti#/r/acrit/riului '/ ta27#ir/ a 3at/rialului i R #u3arul 5#c/rcaril"r la r/5#&atar/%

Pr"c/'// '/ tu'iu al "r6a#i4arii i i t/3ati4arii!Q Pr"c/'/ul lui ("u ;/l' =. +8?, / utili4/a4a " li ta '/ -* '/ cu&i#t/

/l/ctat/ 'i# 2atru cat/6"rii /3a#tic/! a#i3al/, 2r"$/ iu#i, l/6u3/, 2r"#u3/%Cu&i#t/l/ / 2r/4i#ta a3/ t/cat 5# "r'i#/ al/at"ar/%Sarci#a u0i/ctil"r / t/ a 6ru2/4/ ra 2u# uril/ 'u2a a2art/#/#ta l"r cat/6"riala%Q Pr"c/'/ul lui Ma#'l/r =. - ?, a utili4at u# #u3ar '/ +) =5# alta&aria#ta /12/ri3/#tala .**? '/ cart"#a / cu cu&i#t/ 'i# 'i&/r / cat/6"rii i a2"i a

"licitat u0i/ctul a l/ cla i;c/ 5# 3ai 3ult/ cat/6"rii 'i ti#ct/ 'u2a crit/rii 2/ car/i l/ 2ut/a ta0ili i#6ur% S/ /&alu/a4a #u3arul '/ cat/6"rii utili4at/ 2"#ta# '/

catr/ u0i/cti, #u3arul ti3ulil"r r/2r"'u i c"r/ct i #u3arul /l/3/#t/l"r r/2r"'u /c"r/ct%Nu3arul 3/'iu '/ cat/6"rii utili4at/ 2"#ta# '/ catr/ u0i/cti / t/ r/lati& c"# ta#t'/ la " /12/ri/#ta la alta%O alta c"# tatar/ / t/, &al"ar/a ri'icata a c"/;ci/#tului '/ c"r/lati/ 'i#tr/ #u3arul'/ cat/6"rii utili4at/ i #u3arul ti3ulil"r r/2r"'u i c"r/ct%Vi4/a4a #u3arul "2ti3 '/ ti3uli r/2r"'u i a t$/l i t/3ul cat/6"rial / t/ "2ti3c7#' / utili4/a4a u# #u3ar '/ +Y) cat/6"rii 'i ti#ct/ cu + Y) /l/3/#t/ 'i#;/car/%

Q Pr"c/'/ul lui Tul&i#6 =. )? i E@rlic@ =. +? &i4/a4a r"lul crit/riului/3a#tic i alt/ crit/rii cu3 ar ;! "r6a#i4ar/a i#ta63atica =c"# truir/a u#"r 2r"2"4itii au $ra4/ 'i# cu&i#t/

al/at"ar/? "r6a#i4ar/a 'u2a crit/rii 6ra3atical/ = u0 ta#ti&/, &/r0/, a'>/cti&/? "r6a#i4ar/a 2/ 0a4a 2r/;1/l"r au ri3/l"r, "r6a#i4ar/a 2/ 0a4a u#"r crit/rii

3i1t/%Alt/ 2r"c/'// 5# tu'iul 3/3"ri/i!


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Q Pr"c/'/ul &ariati/i &"lu3ului '/ 3/3"rat 5# car/ &aria0ilai#'/2/#'/#ta " c"# titui/ ca#titat/a '/ i#$"r3ati/ 3/3"rata%Q Pr"c/'/ul 2r/4/#tarii '/ 3at/rial/ "3"6/#/ au @/t/r"6/#/ 5# car/&aria0ila i#'/2/#'/#ta " c"# titui/ 6ra'ul '/ "3"6/#itat/ al/ 3at/rialului%Q Pr"c/'/ul 6ra'arii /3#i;cati/i 3at/rialului 5# car/ / "2/r/a4a cu6ra'i/#ti '/ /3#i;cati/ 5# $u#cti/ '/ i t/3/l/ cat/6"rial/%Q Pr"c/'/ul 'u0l/i ti3ulari &/r0al/ i i3a6i tic/ utili4at 3ai al/ 5#c/rc/tar/a #i&/l/l"r '/ 2r"$u#4i3/ al/ 2r"c/ arii%UNITATEA DE ÎNVĂŢARE IIIÎNVĂŢAREAC"#ti#uturi!8%. M"'alitati '/ a0"r'ar/ /12/ri3/#tala a 5#&atarii8%) Varia0il/ /12/ri3/#tal/ 5# tu'iul 5#&atarii8%8 T/@#ici, 2r"c/'//, a2araturaO0i/cti&/!Pr/4/#tar/a 3"'alitatil"r '/ a0"r'ar/ /12/ri3/#tala a 5#&atarii 'i# 2/r 2/cti&a2ri#ci2al/l"r c"li, cur/#t/ i "ri/#tari 5# 2 i@"l"6i/%A#ali4a &aria0il/l"r /12/ri3/#tal/ i32licat/ 5# tu'iul 5#&atarii%Pr/4/#tar/a t/@#icil"r, 2r"c/'//l"r i a2araturii '/ lucru%Pr/c/ri#t/!Nu / t/ ca4ul%E12u#/r/!8%. M"'alitati '/ a0"r'ar/ /12/ri3/#tala a 5#&atarii Î#&atar/a / t/ u# 2r"c/ 2ri# i#t/r3/'iul car/ia '/ cri/3 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ 2/car/ l/ ac@i4iti"#/a4a a#i3alul au "3ul i car/ '/&i# "0 /r&a0il/ 5#c"32"rta3/#tul au% Pr"0l/3a / /#tiala a 5#&atarii / t/ 3"'i;car/a i ac@i4itiau#ui c"32"rta3/#t% Î# 0a4a /12/ri/#t/l"r '"07#'it/ 5# 3/'iul 5#c"#>urat"r%Î#&atar/a tr/0ui/ a ;/ c"# i'/rata " 3"'i;car/ '/ c"32"rta3/#t 2/r3a#/#ta2r"'u a 2ri# 2ractica au 2ri# 5#tarir/%Su#t u#/l/ 'i;cultati '/ '/;#ir/ r/4ultat/ 'i# $a2tul ca 5#&atar/a / 2"at/ 2r"'uc/

i 5# a0 /#ta u#"r 3"'i;cari c"32"rta3/#tal/ 3a ura0il/, '/t/cta0il/ 5# ti32ul 5#&atarii% D/ /1/32lu, /l/&ii 5# cla a 2"t a 5#&/t/ i $ara a ;/ 2r/a at/#ti%P7#a u#a alta, " caract/ri4ar/ a'/c&ata a 5#&atarii tr/0ui/ a ti#a c"#t '//12/ri/#ta i /$/ct/l/ c"32"rta3/#tal/%Sc@/3a 6/#/rala a /12/ri3/#t/l"r 2ri&i#' 5#&atar/a =H/ar t, . ? / 2r/4i#taa t$/l! 5# 3"3/#tul T . u0i/ctil"r li / a'3i#i tr/a4a " ituati/ ti3ul 5# 3"3/#tul

T) / t/ 3a urat c"32"rta3/#tul i 'aca a i#t/r&/#it " 3"'i;car/ 5# 2/r$"r3a#ta 5# /a3#a ca a 2r"'u " 5#&atar/%Situatiil/ /12/ri3/#tal/ 2"t ; cla i;cat/ 5# tr/i cat/6"rii!.% E1i ta u# ti3ul S. 2r/4/#tat " 'ata au '/ 3ai 3ult/ "ri, i#'i&i'ual, /2arat=@ra#a, "c /l/ctric, 46"3"t? au 5# ca'rul 6/#/ral% Ac/ t ti3ul / t/ 2r/4/#tati#'/2/#'/#t '/ ra 2u# ul u0i/ctului au '/ alti ti3uli i &a 2r"'uc/ " 3"'i;car/'/ c"32"rta3/#t c/ 2"at/ ; cla i;cata ca "0i #ui#ta, a'a2tar/ au /# i0ili4ar/%Atu#ci c7#' ti3ulul 2r/4/#tat '/ 3ai 3ult/ "ri 'uc/ la " ca'/r/ a ra 2u# uril"r/ t/ &"r0a '/ 2r/ "0i #ui#ta% Daca 5# a /12u#/r/a a#t/ri"ara $acilit/a4a /$/ctulult/ri"r al ti3ulului, / 2r"'uc/ " /# i0ili4ar/% Î# a30/l/ ituatii / '/3"# tr/a4aca 5# T. a 5#&atat c/&a '/ 2r/ S .%)% Al '"il/a ti2 '/ ituati/ 5l c"# titui/ c"#'iti"#ar/a cla ica 2a&l"&ia#a% S . =SN

ti3ul #/c"#'iti"#at? / t/ u# ti3ul #/ /3#i;cati& 'i# 2u#ct '/ &/'/r/ 0i"l"6ic=@ra#a? 2r/c/'at '/ S ) =SC ti3ul c"#'iti"#at?, u# ti3ul #/utru =46"3"t, lu3i#a?%


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E$/ctul a2licarii / t/ 3a urat 5# 3"3/#tul T ) =RC r/ /1ul c"#'iti"#at?% RC / t/'/t/r3i#at SC i / t/ i3ilar c/lui i#itial c/ a2ar/a la SN% T ) "$/ra i#'icii 2ri&it"ar/ la3"'ul 5# car/ r/latia 'i#tr/ S . i S) a$/ct/a4a u0i/ctul, r/ 2/cti& '/ cri/ 3"'ul 5#car/ a ur&/#it 5#&atar/a%8% Al tr/il/a ti2 '/ ituati/ 2r/ u2u#/ 2r/4/#tari al/ S . car/ '/2i#' '/ a2aritiau#"r ra 2u# uri 'i# 2art/a u0i/ctului% Ac/ t ra 2u# atra6/ ;/ 2ri3ir/a @ra#/i, ;//&itar/a u#ui "c% Ac/a ta / t/ c"#'iti"#ar/a i# tru3/#tala au "2/ra#ta% Sta0ilir/aac/ tui ti2 '/ '/2/#'/#ta 5#tr/ ra 2u# i ti3ul 'uc/ la cr/ t/r/a 2r"0a0ilitatiiu#ui a#u3it ra 2u# la T ) %Du2a cu3 u ti#/ H/ar t =. 9? cla i;car/a ac/ t"r /12/ri3/#t/ a u2rac"#'iti"#arii i 5#&atarii ar/ 3ai 3ult " i32"rta#ta t/"r/tica 5#truc7t, 5# 2ractica,c/l/ tr/i ti2uri '/ /12/ri3/#t/ #u 2"t ; i4"lat/ u#/l/ '/ alt/l/, i#t/r /ct7#'u / 5#3"' i#/&ita0il% D/ a /3/#/a, u#t #u3/r"a / a /3a#ari 5# c//a c/ 2ri&/ t//$/ct/l/ i ac/a ta '/3"# tr/a4a ca 5# t"at/ c/l/ tr/i ituatii "2/r/a4a 3/ca#i 3/

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ti#6/r/% E12/ri/#t/ cu ali3/#t/ alt/rat/, '/ /1/32lu, #/ 2"t 3arca t"t r/ tul &i/tii%Du2a cu3 arata S/li63a# =. *? ac/ t ti2 '/ 5#&atar/ 2u#/ 5# /&i'/#ta r/actiil//&"luti&/ al/ 2/ciil"r a#i3al/ 2/#tru ca ti#/ '/ 3/ca#i 3/l/ '/ u2ra&i/tuir/%:a2tul ca a&/3 r/actii at7t '/ 2ut/r#ic/ $ata '/ u# a#u3it ali3/#t, '/ /1/32lu,c@iar 5# c"#'itiil/ 5# car/ ti3 ca / t/ $"art/ 6u t" arata ca / t/ &"r0a '/ 2r/ "

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a r/ali4at 5# . '/ catr/ P/c @a3 i P/c @a3% Aut"rii au 2"r#it '/ laur3at"ar/a "0 /r&ati/ /32irica! u# 2aia#>/# ca'/ 'i# 27#4a a la 2ri3a &i0rati/ au#ui 'ia2a4"#, 'ar i#t/# itat/a ra 2u# ului au la ac/ t ti3ul / 'i3i#u/a4a 'aca

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E t/ ti2ic 2/#tru " 5#&atar/ 2ri# "0i #ui#ta ca /$/ct al u#ui $/#"3/# a'a2tati& '/3i#i3ali4ar/ i i6#"rar/ a u#"r ti3uli #/ /3#i;cati&i%Alt/"ri / 2r"'uc/ u# $/#"3/# i#&/r , '/ /# i0ili4ar/% D/ /1/32lu, a2licar/ar/2/tata '/ "curi /l/ctric/ acc/#tu/a4a r/actiil/ '/ r/tra6/r/% S/# i0ili4ar/ara 2u# ului / t/ '/t/r3i#ata '/ " ti3ular/ 2ut/r#ica i / t/ c"r/lata cu #i&/l/3ari '/ /1cita0ilitat/ 2r"&"cat/ '/ ti3uli #/c"#'iti"#ati, 2ut/r#ici, #"ci&i%S/# i0ili4ar/a $ac/ 2art/ 'i#tr/ 3/ca#i 3/l/ '/ u2ra&i/tuir/ "2u / "0i #ui#t/i%P/ l7#6a /# i0ili4ar/ au "0i #ui#ta, 2r/4/#tar/a r/2/tata a u#ui ti3ul 2"at/c"#'uc/ u#/"ri la '/#aturar/a /$/ctului au ult/ri"r 'aca / t/ 2r/4/#tat ca SC au

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5# cuti/ i 'aca 3a#/&ra 37#/rul u a / '/ c@i'/a i a&/a acc/ la 37#car/a 'i#a$ara% Pri3/l/ 5#c/rcari u#t @a"tic/ 27#a c7#' r/u /a a acti"#/4/ 37#/rul i a'/ c@i'a u a% P/ 3a ura c/ / r/2/tau 5#c/rcaril/ ti32ul ca'/a c//a c/ u6/ra caa#i3alul a 5#&atat 6ra'at 2ri# /l/ctar/a ra 2u# uril"r c"r/ct/ i /li3i#ar/a c/l"r6r/ it/%L/6/a /$/ctului #/ 2u#/ ca 5#tarir/a au la0ir/a u#/i l/6aturi / t/ r/4ultatulc"# /ci#t/l"r car/ 2"t a&/a l"c% A t$/l, " l/6atura ur3ata '/ ati $acti/ / t/c"# "li'ata iar 'aca / t/ ur3ata '/ i# ati $acti/ / t/ 5#'/2artata%L/6/a 2r"2a6arii /$/ctului r/actiil/ 3ai 0i#/ ta0ili4at/ u#t 3ai 2ut/r#ic i# u/#tat/'/ a#ctiu#/ iar c/l/ 3ai 2uti# ta0ili4at/ u#t i# u/#tat/ 3ai 3ult '/ r/c"32/# a%L/6/a 2r"2a6arii /$/ctului a $" t '/3"# trata /12/ri3/#tal '/ catr/ T@"r#'i / 5#. 8+% El a 2r/4/#tat " li ta lu#6a '/ cu&i#t/ i ;/car/ cu&7#t /ra a "ciat cu " ci$ra!

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5# c"#'itiil/ a37#4irii% O "0 /r&ati/ acci'/#tala l a c"#'u la '/4&"ltar/ac/r/0ral/l"r al/ /12/ri3/#t/ 2ri&it"ar/ la /la0"rar/a r/ /1ului c"#'iti"#at% A t$/l ac"# tatat ca '/ ;/car/ 'ata c7#' 5# 5#ca2/r/ i#tra 5#6ri>it"rul car/ a'uc/a 37#car/

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ti3ulul c"#'iti"#at lu3i#a 2"at/ '/cla# a 2r"c/ ul '/ ali&ar/ i i#6ur 'u2aa "ci/ri r/2/tat/ cu ti3ul #/c"#'iti"#at @ra#a%


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Î# /12/ri3/#tul au cla ic 3ai 5#t7i / 2r/ ara 2/ li30a c7i#/lui 2u'ra '/ car#/car/ 2r"&"aca ali&atia% Hra#a / t/ SN, ali&atia / t/ RN% A "cii#' u# ti3ul #/utru

lu3i#a, car/ a2ar/ " 'ata cu 37#car/a, 'u2a c7t/&a r/2/titii, lu3i#a &a 2r"&"caali&ati/% Lu3i#a, ca ti3ul c"#'iti"#at, 2r"&"aca u# r/ /1 c"#'iti"#at% Pa&l"& a

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5#t7i i a2"i / t/ ur3at '/ SN c/i '"i ti3uli 5 i 5#c/t/a4a actiu#/a 5# ac/la i3"3/#tc? c"#'iti"#ar/a &/ ti6iala / 2r"'uc/ 5# ca4ul 5# car/ SC / t/ 2r/4/#tat i 5 i

5#c/t/a4a actiu#/a 5#ai#t/ '/ a2aritia SN%C/l/ tr/i ti2uri '/ c"#'iti"#ari 2"t c"#'uc/ la r/4ultat/ 'i$/rit/ 3ai al/ u0 a 2/ctul/;ci/#t/i c"#'iti"#arii% C/a 3ai /;ci/#ta / t/ $"r3a 0? c"#'iti"#ar/a 5#t7r4iata,a2"i a? i 5# ;#/ c?% S a c"# tatat " r/lati/ i#&/r 2r"2"rti"#ala 5#tr/ lu#6i3/ai#t/r&alului '/ ti32 i /;ci/#ta c"#'iti"#arii%C"#'iti"#ar/a i# tru3/#tala r/ali4ata '/ catr/ Mill/r i F"#"r i, 5# . ) , laVar "&ia, a2"i 5# la0"rat"ar/l/ lui Pa&l"&, la Sa# t P/t/r 0ur6%E12/ri3/#tul ti2ic c"# ta 5# ur3at"ar/l/! c7i#/l/ /ra 5#&atat a ri'ic/ la0a la u#

ti3ul c"#'iti"#at la0a /ra 5#'"ita '/ catr/ /12/ri3/#tat"r i a2"i c7i#/l/ /ra@ra#it% Ac/a ta i# truir/ 2ri# r/c"32/# ar/ a $" t '/#u3ita 3ai t7r4iu, 5# . 9*, '/catr/ Hil6ra', c"#'iti"#ar/ i# tru3/#tala, 2/#tru ca /1ar/a la0/i 2ici"rului /rai# tru3/#tala 2ri3irii 5#taririi%C"#'iti"#ar/a 2ri# c"#ti6uitat/ =Gut@ri/, . 8+?I# 2irat '/ c/rc/taril/ lui T@"r#'i / i Pa&l"& c"#tri0utia lui Gut@ri/ / t/ l/6ata '/

5#c/2uturil/ 0/@a&i"ri 3ului /12/ri3/#tal%0e!ea unica a asociatiei / t/ c"#ti6uitat/a 'i#tr/ /3#al i r/acti/%0e!ea unica a învatarii #/ 2u#/ ca " c"30i#ati/ '/ ti3uli car/ a 5# "tit " 3i car/,la r/2/tar/ ti#'/ a ;/ ur3ata '/ ac//a i 3i car/% Cu alt/ cu&i#t/, u# 3"'/l '/

ti3uli 5 i ca2ata 5#tr/a6a $"rta a "ciati&a cu "ca4ia 2ri3/i a "ci/ri cu " r/acti/%E12/ri3/#tul cla ic a lui Gut@ri/ i H"rt"# a utili4at u# 'i 2"4iti& a /3a#at"r cucutia lui T@"r#'i /% Pi ica i#tra 2ri#tr u# tu#/l 5# cuti/ 5# 3i>l"cul cuti/i / a a "2/'ala car/ '/ c@i'/ " u a 'i# ticla a ata 5# $ata a2a ar/a 2/'al/i '/cla# /a4a


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u# a2arat '/ $"t"6ra;at i '/ c@i'/ u a% Pri3a 5#c/rcar/ / $ac/ cu u a 'i# $ata 5#tr/'/ c@i a 2/#tru a &/'/a 37#car/a% R/4ultat/! 2i ica 2"at/ a acti"#/4/ a u2ra2/'al/i 'u2a 3ai 3ult/ 5#c/rcari i /r"ri% :i/car/ 5#c/rcar/ r/u ita / t/ $"t"6ra;ata%S/ c"# tata ca a#i3alul ti#'/ a r/2/t/ 3i car/a car/ l a c"#'u la ucc/ ! 'aca i ar/u it 2ri# 3u car/a 2/'al/i &a r/2/ta 3/r/u ac/ t lucru 'aca i a r/u itr/4/37#'u / '/ 2/'ala &a r/2/ta 3i car/a r/ 2/cti&a% C"#clu4ia c/a 3aii32"rta#ta a ac/ tui /12/ri3/#t / t/ 3ar/a $r/c&/#ta a r/2/titi&itatii i t/r/"ti2i/i

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Gru2ul tr/i #u a '/3"# trat #ici " a3/li"rar/ 5# 2ri3/l/ 4/c/ 4il/ 2/#tru ca, 'u2a c/au 5#c/2ut a 2ri3/a ca r/c"32/# /, 2/r$"r3a#t/l/ l"r a / 530u#atat/a ca 0ru c

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