biotehnologia de obŢinere a drojdiei de panificaŢie (proiect bioreactoare)

8/7/2019 BIOTEHNOLOGIA DE OBŢINERE A DROJDIEI DE PANIFICAŢIE (Proiect Bioreactoare)

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|çvf`v) h|çjk ` fsi`hwc gwsjĆ$jchbwĆ) fs dnw`v uiĆfs{ kc fhlch uw`hvuĆ{ uwĆon{Ć Őn sj bsv{ ksifc$

hdĆwsn* WchfŦnh dcihvcn cv{c) kc wcbsiĆ) sŐ`w hifhinjĆ*F`du`znŦnh fandnfĆ h dcihvcn |hwnhzĆ êj lsjfŦnc kc dh{cwnh uwndĆ lì`vn{Ć ih lhgwnfhwch

zhaĆwsisn !vlcfiĆ vhs {wcv{nc kc zhaĆw. Őn kc uw`fcvsi {cajì`bnf huinfh{ êj lhgwnfnic kc zhaĆw*

[hgcisi 7*8*

F`du`znŦnh fandnfĆ h dcihvcn knj vlcfiĆ Őn {wcv{nc kc zhahw

F`dusvsi Uw`|cjncjŦh dcihvcnVlcfiĆ kc zhaĆw [wcv{nc kc zhaĆw

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uA <)5$1)< 72

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dhn kcvfanvĆ) êj vfandg f`jŦnjc gc{hnjĆ fc js cv{c hvndnih{Ć kc fĆ{wc kwòknc Őn hv{lci uwnj

kc|cwvhwch huci`w wcznkshic fwcŐ{c f`jvsdsi gn`fandnf kc `qnbcj* Kc hvcdcjch u`h{c ln

kclnfn{hwĆ êj gn`{njĆ) |n{hdnjĆ jcfcvhwĆ fwcŐ{cwnn kwòknni`w*

Dcihvh knj {wcv{nc kc zhaĆw cv{c g`bh{Ć êj gn`{njĆ) êj vfandg gn`dhvh kc kwòknc `gŦnjs{Ć

hwc ` fsi`hwc dhn êjfanvĆ) êjfç{ vsj{ jcfcvhwc ùcwhŦnn vsuindcj{hwc kc vuĆihwc* Ucj{ws h hvnbswh

sj dckns ù{nd kc fwcŐ{cwc) vc u`{ lì`vn dcihvc fsuhoh{c êj fhwc vc hkhsbĆ l`vlhŦn) vswvc kc hz`{)

lhf{`wn kc fwcŐ{cwc= {`{sŐn) ih j`n êj ŦhwĆ vc uwclcwĆ s{ninzhwch dcihvcn knj vlcfiĆ kc zhaĆw ih

lhgwnfhwch kw okncn kc uhjnlnfhŦnc) dcihvh knj {wcv{nc kc zhaĆw lnnjk lì vn{Ć ih lhgwnfhwch

hif`ìsisn*

85



F`du`znŦnh fandnfĆ h dcihvcn `gŦnjs{Ć ih lhgwnfhwch zhaĆwsisn knj vlcfiĆ kc zhaĆw cv{c

uwczcj{h{Ć êj {hgcisi 7*7 *F`jfcj{whŦnh êj vsgv{hjŦĆ svfh{Ć h dcihvcn vc cquwndĆ êj uwhf{nfĆ êj

bwhkc Ghiinjb !Giib. vhs Gwnq !Gq.) fhwc wcuwcznj{Ć uw`fcj{c dhvnfc kc vsgv{hjŦĆ svfh{Ć knzì|h{Ć*

[hgcisi 7*7*

F`du`znŦnh fandnfĆ Őn njknfnn kc fhin{h{c hn dcihvcn knj vlcfiĆ kc zhaĆw

Njknfh{`wsikc fhin{h{c

Dnjnd Dhqnd @u{nd ucj{wslhgwnfhwch kwòknc

V{hjkhwkW`dçjnh

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U`{hvns !M 7@.)# 7)5 3)5 dnj*6)3 $Fhifns !Fh@.) # 5)8 8)3 dhq* 8)5 $Gn`{njĆ) db/{ 65 873 755 $V@7!hjankwnkĆ vsilswnfĆ.)# 5)58 5)52 dhq* 5)53 dhq* 5)51Hfnzn |ìh{nin) # 5)3 8)1 dhq* 8)7 dhq* 8)7Fsi`hwc) di n`k 5)8 j ih855di dcihvĆ 7#

5); 85)5 dhq* 7)5 $

uA ;)> 1)3 <)3ò1)3 dnj* 2)5Bisfnkcic knj dcihvh kc vlcfiĆ kc zhaĆw vsj{ wcuwczcj{h{c êj fch dhn dhwc uhw{c knj

zhahw`zĆ) hiĆ{swn kc fhwc vc dhn bĆvcvf fhj{n{ĆŦn dnfn kc whlnj`zĆ Őn zhaĆw nj|cw{n{* Sj uw`fcj{ dhn

wnknfh{ kc 8# kcj`{Ć f`j{hdnjhwch dcihvcn fs dnfw``wbhjnvdc fhwc uw`ksf nj|cw{nwch zhahw`zcn* JczhaĆwsi knj dcihvĆ wcuwcznj{Ć knlcwcjŦh knj{wc vsgv{hjŦh svfh{Ć Őn f`jŦnjs{si {`{hi kc

zhahwswn*

JczhaĆwsi hj`wbhjnf cv{c wcuwczcj{h{ kc vĆwswnic dnjcwhic ! fnwfh 2#. Őnd f`jv{Ć knj ?

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! 5)8$5)8 # Db@.) l`vl`w !5)58$5)52# U7 @3 .*

JczhaĆwsi `wbhjnf cv{c l`wdh{ knj swdĆ{`hwcic fihvc kc vsgv{hjŦc ?

$ vsgv{hjŦc `wbhjnfc fs hz`{ =$ vsgv{hjŦc fì`wh{c / fì`whj{c=

$ vsgv{hjŦc ucf{nfc=

$ hfnzn |ìh{nin=

$ lhf{`wn kc fwcŐ{cwc*

Vsgv{hjŦc `wbhjnfc fs hz`{ fsuwnjk ? gc{hjnjĆ) fìnjĆ) uw {cnjc Őn uw`ksvcic i`w kc

ankwìnzĆ) njfisvn| hdnj`hfnzn ingcwn*

ŧnjçjk f`j{ kc f`jŦnjs{si kc zhahwswn hvndnihgnic knj dcihvĆ) f`jŦnjs{si hfcv{cnh êj hz`{

cv{c njvslnfncj{ ucj{ws kcz|ì{hwch / dsi{nuinfhwch kwòkncn Őn kcfn) {wcgsnc lĆfs{Ć ` vsuindcj{hwc h

dcihvcn fs hz`{ hvndnihgni vsg l`wdĆ kc hd`jnhf) vĆwswn kc hd`jns) swcc*

88



Vsgv{hjŦc fì`wh{c / fì`whj{c uw`|nj knj d`knlnfhwch zhahwswni`w êj uw`fcvsi kc `gŦnjcwc h

dcihvcn Őn vsj{ wcuwczcj{h{c kc dcihj`nkc) vsgv{hjŦc kc fhwhdcinzhwc Őn vsgv{hjŦc kc kcbwhkhwc

hifhinjĆ h zhahwswni`w* Dcihj`nkcic Őn fhwhdcisi vc u`{ hkv`wgn ih vsuwhlhŦh fcisici`w kc kwòknc)

fcch fc êduncknfĆ dc{hgìnvdsi hfcv{cnh Őn êj lnjhi f`j{wngsnc Őn ih ` fsi`hwc êjfanvĆ h uw`ksvsisn

lnjn{*[hgcisi 7*6*

F`jŦnjs{si êj vsgv{hjŦc fì`wh{c Őn fì`whj{c

Vsgv{hjŦc fì`wh{c Őn fì`whj{cDcihvĆ

VlcfiĆ kc zhaĆw [wcv{nc kc zhaĆw Uw svc kc kcvf`dusjcwc hzhahw`zcn uc fhic hifhinjĆ

<6)8$18)6 <6)6$<1

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fci dhn hkcvch vsg l`wdĆ kc vĆwswn {`qnfc lhŦĆ kc kwòknc ih jn|ci kc 5)8$5)7#*

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vsuindcj{hwc*Kc hvcdcjch) dcihvh {wcgsnc vsuindcj{h{Ć fs ` vswvĆ kc l`vl`w hvndnihgni ! l`vlh{ kc

hd`jns vhs hiŦn l`vlhŦn hifhinjn.*

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Dj) D`.) fs cqfcuŦnh _j fhwc {wcgsnc sjc`wn vsuindcj{h{*

Vsgv{hjŦcic fs hfŦnsjc njangn{ hwc vsj{ wcuwczcj{h{c kc hfnznn |ìh{nin) V@7 ) hz`{hŦn)

ucv{nfnkc* V@7 kc|njc njangn{`w ucj{ws kwòknn ih f`jfcj{whŦnn kc ucv{c 155 uĆwŦn ucw dnin`j

!5)551#.) nhw hz`{nŦnn ih 5)558$5*55;#*

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huinfh{Ć ih lhgwnfhwch zhaĆwsisn) kswh{h fhduhjncn kc lhgwnfhwch h zhaĆwsisn) f`jknŦnnic kc

{whjvu`w{ Őn kcu`zn{hwc h dcihvcn*

Njknfnn lnznf`$ fandnfn hn dcihvcn wclcwn{`w ih hfcŐ{n njknfn vc lhf swdĆ{`hwcic uwcfnzĆwn?

dcihvcic j`wdhic {wcgsnc vĆ hngĆ sj uA kc 2)8$1)3= fhuhfn{h{ch kc {hdu`jhwc h dcihvcn vc

kh{`wchzĆ hfnzni`w `wbhjnfn Őn vĆwswni`w hfcv{snh* Dcihvh fs ` hf{n|n{h{c {hdu`j vihgĆ hwc Őn `

hfŦnsjc vihgĆ kc wcbihwc h wchfŦncn uiĆdczni w* KsuĆ fhuhfn{h{ch {hdu`j !di A 7V@; 8j ucj{ws

hksfcwch uA$sisn h 855 b dcihvĆ ih |hi`hwch kc ;)3. dcihvcic u`{ ln ?

‧ j`wdhic !F[ ≣ ;5.

‧ dcknn !F[4 65$;5.

87



‧ vihgc !F[≫ 65.

Fhuhfn{h{ch kc vusdhwc h dcihvcn vc kh{`wchzĆ vhu`jnjci`w) uw {cnjci`w vìsgnic)

uw`{cnjci`w Őn hi{`w fì`nzn* Fhj{n{h{ch kc vhu`jnjc) fhwc khs v{hgnin{h{c vusdcn) cv{c êj lsjfŦnc kc

bwhksi kc dh{swhwc hi vlcficn*

Dnfw`li`wh dcihvcn cv{c wcuwczcj{h{Ć kc ghf{cwnn) kwòknn Őn dsfcbhnswn* Dcihvcic u`{ ln?‧ l`hw{c gsjc fs uçjĆ ih 7555 bcwdcjn/b

‧ gsjc fs 7555$85555 bcwdcjn/b

‧ dcihvc kclcf{c fs ucv{c 85555 bcwdcjn /b*kwòknnic vsj{ wcuwczcj{h{c kc Kcghw~`dnfcv

w`vcn Őn Wa`k`{`wsih wsgnwh Őn u`{ uw`|`fh lcwdcj{hwch dcihvcn kcu`zn{h{c) h{sjfn fçjk

vsgv{hjŦh svfh{Ć h hfcv{cnh cv{c dhn dnfĆ kc 23$15#*

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f`duhwh{n| fs dcihvh knj {wcv{nc kc zhaĆw*Dcihvh u`h{c vĆ f`jŦnjĆ Őn vsgv{hjŦc fs clcf{ njangn{`w hvsuwh hf{n|n{ĆŦnn lnznì`bnfc h

kwòknni`w) l`wdh{c êj uw`fcvsi kc `gŦnjcwc h dcihvcn* Knj{wc hfcv{ch lhf uhw{c ?

‧ ndnk`knvsil`jh{si kc M) fhwc êj fhj{n{ĆŦn dhn dhwn kc 3# njangĆ hf{n|n{h{ch kwòknni`w=

‧ jn{wnŦnn njangĆ dsi{nuinfhwch kwòknni`w êj fhj{n{ĆŦn dhn dhwn kc 5)57#=

‧ hfnk hfc{nf) hfnk gs{nwnf) êj f`jfcj{whŦnn dhn dhwn kc 5)8$8#) njangĆ dsi{nuinfhwch

kwòknni`w*

Êj d`k fswcj{) kcfhkhi) vc wchinzchzĆ hjhinzh lnznf`$ fandnfĆ Őn dnfw`gnì`bnfĆ ih dcihvhcqnv{cj{Ć êj v{`f Őn fhwc swdchzĆ h ln s{ninzh{Ć êj uw`ksfŦnc* Hjhinzcic dnfw`gnì`bnfc f`jv{hs êj ?

‧ kc{cwdnjhwch jsdĆwsisn {`{hi kc ghf{cwnn hcw`gc) dcz`lnic uc dcknn kc gsin`j fhwjc

bci`zh{) {cwd`v{h{hwc ;1 wc ih 63 5F) êj SLF /b dcihvĆ*

‧ kc{cwdnjhwch jsdĆwsisn kc kwòknn Őn dsfcbhnswn) dcknn kc dsv{ kc dhiŦ hbhw fs uA4 6)3)

{cwd`v{h{hwc 6 znic ih 73 5F) êj SLF /b dcihvĆ=

‧ {cv{ fhin{h{n| kc c|nkcjŦĆ h ghf{cwnni`w knj bcjsi IŐcsf`j`v{`f=

‧ kc{cwdnjhwch jsdĆwsisn kc ghf{cwnn `vd`lnic=

‧ cqhdcj dnfw`vfùnf hi fì`jnni`w fhwhf{cwnv{nfc êj vfùsi nkcj{nlnfĆwnn*

86



7*7* Dh{cwnn hsqninhwc s{ninzh{c êj uw`fcvsi {cajì`bnf

HkĆsbhwc hfcv{`w vsgv{hjŦc cv{c jcfcvhwĆ ucj{ws cfaningwhwch êj vsgv{hjŦc js{wn{n|c h uiĆdczni`w kc dcihvĆ Őn ucj{ws f`wcf{hwch sj`w njknfn lnznf`$fandnfn*

7*7*8* Vsgv{hjŦc js{wn{n|c

Vsilh{si kc hd`jns) !JA;.7V@;) vc s{ninzchzĆ fh vswvĆ kc hz`{ hvndnihgni* Cv{c ` usigcwc

hig$bĆigsnc) fwnv{hinjĆ) vìsgniĆ êj huĆ) fhwc vc uwcuhwĆ njksv{wnhi uwnj {wh{hwch hfnksisn vsilswnf fs

hd`jnhf bhz`v* F`jŦnjs{si kc hz`{ |hwnhzĆ êj{wc 75ò78#*Hd`jnhfsi vc f`dcwfnhinzchzĆ vsg l`wdĆ kc vìsŦnc kc hd`jnhf kc vnj{czĆ knzì|h{ êj

huĆ) fs ` f`jfcj{whŦnc dnjndĆ kc 73#* Vc s{ninzchzĆ fh vswvĆ kc hz`{ Őn ucj{ws f`wcf{hwch uA$

sisn* Hd`jnhfsi vc hkhsbĆ) kc wcbsiĆ) vsg l`wdĆ kc huĆ hd`jnhfhiĆ `gŦnjs{Ć uwnj knishwch

hd`jnhfsisn fs huĆ êj whu`w{ kc 8?3*

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dnjndsd 26# A6U@; Őn dhqndsd 5)5558# Hv*

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[wcgsnc vĆ f`jŦnjĆ dnjndsd 32ò<5# MFi uswĆ*

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dhn dsi{ kc 5)5553#*

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5)55<# Hv*

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Hfnksi vsilswnf vc s{ninzchzĆ ucj{ws f`wcf{hwch uA$sisn*

8;



7*7*7* Lhf{`wn kc fwcŐ{cwc

Ucj{ws dsi{nuinfhwc) kwòknnic vsj{ kcucjkcj{c kc uwczcjŦh êj dcknsi kc fsi{swĆ h sj`w vsgv{hjŦc jsdn{c lhf{`wn kc fwcŐ{cwc*

Gn`{njh nj{cw|njc êj dsi{c knj wchfŦnnic dc{hgìnvdsisn bisfnkci w Őn hz`{sisn) êj

gn`vnj{czh uw`{cnfĆ Őn êj vnj{czh hfnzni w bwhŐn*

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jcf`jknŦn jh{ icbh{Ć kc ` uw`ksfŦnc wcj{hgniĆ* FcwnjŦh kwòkncn ucj{ws gn`{njĆ vfhkc uhwŦnhi ih

uwczcjŦh êj dckns h hdnj`hfnzni`w knfhwg`qninfn`* Clnfhfn{h{ch vc dĆwcŐ{c êj f`jknŦnnic kc hcwhwc

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bisfnkci`w Őn hi hfnzni`w bwhŐn* \n{hdnjh G6 cv{c sjsi knj fcn dhn ndu`w{hjŦn v{ndsih{`wn hn fwcŐ{cwnn

Őn hf{n|n{ĆŦnn lcwdcj{h{n|c h kwòknni`w * ch vc bĆvcŐ{c êj dcihvĆ êj fhj{n{ĆŦn vslnfncj{c *

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hgv`wgnŦn) nhw hfnksi uhwhhdnj`gcjz`nf ih lnqhwch uìnucu{nkci`w*

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7*7*6* Uw`ksvc gn`v{ndsih{`hwc

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hdnk`j *Cq{whf{si kc u`wsdg lì`vn{ ih lhgwnfhwch kwòkncn kc uhjnlnfhŦnc fs sj f`jvsd kc <5

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Dsi{nuinfhwch kwòkncn vc wchinzchzĆ êj k`sĆ c{huc ?

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‧ knishwch dcihvcn =

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‧ inducznwch Őn v{cwninzhwch dcihvcn*

Knishwch dcihvcn

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ingcwĆ h dcihvcn uwnj f`jksf{c Őn vĆ sŐswczc vckndcj{hwch nduswn{ĆŦni`w dcfhjnfc

hlih{c êj vsvucjvnc êj fswvsi ùcwhŦncn kc inducznwc=

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h kwòkncn*

Hfnksihwch dcihvcn

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isfwczc êj f`jknŦnn hgvìs{ uswc*

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lhzh kc dsi{nuinfhwc h kwòkncn* Hv{lci) êj uwndcic {wcn lhzc kc dsi{nuinfhwc h kwòkncn) hfnkn{h{chcv{c dsi{ dhn wnknfh{Ć kcfç{ êj si{ndcic k`sĆ lhzc) ucj{ws h vc c|n{h huhwnŦnh f`j{hdnjĆwni`w*

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huĆ êj whu`w{ 8?8*vc wchinzchzĆ Őn f`hbsihwch fì`nzni`w) kcvf`dusjcwch hz`{nŦni`w Őn vsilnŦni`w knj

dcihvĆ) kĆsjĆ{`wn kwòkncn *

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hiŦn hfnzn) fsd hw ln A 6U@; ) hfnk ihf{nf*

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uiĆdczni`w*

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kwòknni`w Őn fhwc f`jksf ih êjfankcwch fsi`wnn kwòkncn=

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‧ sŐswhwch vuĆiĆwnn gn`dhvcn kc kwòknc vcuhwh{Ć knj uiĆdczn*

Ucj{ws inducznwch dcihvcn vc lì`vcvf êj uwhf{nfĆ dhn dsi{c uw`fckcc?

‧ uw`fckcsi uwnj vckndcj{hwc =

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‧ uw`fckcsi uwnj lni{whwc =

Inducznwch uwnj vckndcj{hwc vc u`h{c wchinzh ih wcfc vhs ih fhik uwnj hkh`v kc hfnkvsilswnf Őn ghwg {hwc kc hcw f`duwndh{* Hfchv{Ć dc{ kĆ uwcznj{Ć kczh|hj{hosi sjcn uwnj

uw`ksf{n|n{ĆŦn dhn vfĆzs{c Őn h sj`w vuhŦnn kc kndcjvnsjn dhwn ucj{ws inducznwc*

73



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lnnjk sj uw`fcv f`duic{ hs{`dh{nzh{*

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71



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kc cjcwbnc gnì`bnf s{niĆ*

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65



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67



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ψhf* 48*1; mb/i

\hf 4 5*7;/8*1; 4 5*86 i/vhwoh A7V@; knish{

35



3*Fhj{n{h{ch kc uihdhkh g{njs{h

D u 4 Dd - Dh - Dv - D h*b* - Dhf*kni

D u4 ;1 - 876 - 85*1< - 5*8; - 5*7; 4821*<7mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf kc 8;`Giib

Ksuh v{cwninzhwc |ìsdsi uihdcznn cv{c fs fnwfh 83# dhn dhwc kcfh{ |ìsdsi knjhnj{c kcv{cwninzhwc) kh{`wn{h f`jkcjvhwnn uhw{nhic h hgswsisn*

D ui* 4 D u -83# D u 4 821*<7 - 5*83 q 821*<7 4 753*;8 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf* 87`Giib

Fhj{n{h{ch lnjhih kc uihdhkh kc kwòknc ksuh njvhdhj{hwch fs fsi{swh kc ihg`wh{`w cv{c kc ?

Du N 4 D ui* - Kn - Dhif`ì

Kn 4 8# D u N

Dhif`ì 4 ;# D u N

Du N 4 D ui* - 5*58 Du N - 5*5; Du N

Du N 4 44>3*5

;8*753

5*5;$5*58$8

Dui*78<*77 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh kc kwòknc

Kn 4 8# D u N 45*58 q 78<*77 4 7*8< mb/vhwoh fsi{swh kc ihg`wh{`w

Dhif`ì 4 ;# D u N4 5*5; q 78<*77 4 1*<; mb/vhwoh hif`ì

Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc ! ∗ l ϋ 7; a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic

fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?

$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 ; $;*;`Giib

$ Hif`ì 4 ;#

$ Hfnkn{h{c 4 8*1 ‖ 7*7 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c

<* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc `qnbcj lì`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc

V{nnjk fh dcihvh f`j{njc 35# 4355 b/i zhahw) f`j{njs{si kc zhahw hi dcihvcn lì`vn{h ih lhzh N

kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c kc?

Dz 4 Dd q 355 4 62 q 355 4 81355 b 4 81*3 mb/62 i

F<A87@< - < @7↗ <F@7 -<A7@ -882 MO

815 b*********<q67b****< q ;;b

81355b******D@7********DF@7

D@7 4 amb b /26*8>66*8>266815

67<8135544⋃⋃ @7

38



DF@74 mb b 86*7266*72866

815

;;<8135544

⋃⋃F@7

2* Whjkhdcj{si kc kwòknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s* cv{c kc 85# nj bwcs{h{c lh{h kc bwcs{h{ch

dcihvcn fhwc vc lì`vcv{c ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn*

Dk 4 85# Dd 4 5*8 q ;1 4 ;*1 mb/vhwoh kwòknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s*

NN* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh NN


Dcihvh knish{h njn{nhi uhjh ih <5`Giib) vc knischzh hu`n fs huh uhjh ih 87`Giib*

Dcihvh <5 87 u dcihvh

87

Huh 5 ;1 u huh

\ìsdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc 8555 $ 7355 i*

Hd hicv? \{ 4 7;55 i


\S 4 ;5# q \{ 4 5*5;q 7;55 4 ><5 i

<5 uhw{n*************87 uhw{n dcihvh*****************;1 uhw{n huh

><5 i******************\d************************************\h

\d 8>7

<5

87><54

⋃i/vhwoh dcihvh

ψd48655 mb/d6

37



Dd 4 ψd q \d 48*6 q 8>7 4 735 mb/ vhwoh dcihvh

\h 4 2<1<5

;1><54

⋃i/vhwoh huh

ψh4 >>1*7 mb/d6

Dh 4 5*>>17 q 2<1 4 2<2 mb/vhwoh huh



8 i uihdhkh*****************1 b vsilh{ kc hd`jns****************87 b vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns

><5 i uihdhkh*************Dvsilh{***************************************Dvsucwl`vlh{

Dvsilh{ 4 ><5 q 1 4 2<15 b/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns 42*<1 mb/vhwoh

Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 ><5 q 87 4 88375 b/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns 4 88*37 mb/vhwoh


8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh

2*<1 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 2*<1 q 85 4 2<*1 i huh

88*37 mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 88*37 q 85 4 883*7 i huh

\vì*vsilh{ 4 2*<1-2<*1 4 1;*;1 i/vhwoh vìs{nc vsilh{


D vì*vsilh{ 4 8*571 q 1;*;1 4 1<*13 mb/vhwoh

\vì* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 88*37 - 883*7 4 87<*27 i/vhwoh vìs{nc vsucwl`vlh{

ψvì*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> mb/i ! hjcqh .

D vì*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> q 87<*27 4 865*6> mb/vhwoh

Dv 4 D vì*vsilh{ - D vì*vsucwl`vlh{ 41<*13 - 865*6> 4782*7; mb/vhwoh vhwswn js{wn{n|c




><5 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*

\h*b* 4><5 di 4 5*>< i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn


D h*b* 4 5*>5;7 q 5*>< 4 5*12 mb/ vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn

36




Uihdhkh vc hfnksichzh fs hfnk vsilswnf knish{ uhjh ih 8*7 ‖ 8*; bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c vhs ua

4;*3 ‖ ;*1*

Dhf* 4 7*3 q Dd 4 7*3 q 735 4 <73 b 4 5*<73 mb/vhwoh A7V@; f`jf*Knishwch vc lhfc nj whu`w{ 8?8*

Dhf*kni* 4 5*<73 - 5*<73 4 8*73 mb/vhwoh A7V@; knish{



D u4 735 - 2<2 - 782*7; - 5*12 - 8*73 4876<*6< mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf kc 87`Giib

Ksuh v{cwninzhwc |ìsdsi uihdcznn cv{c fs fnwfh 87# dhn dhwc kcfh{ |ìsdsi knjhnj{c kcv{cwninzhwc) kh{`wn{h f`jkcjvhwnn uhw{nhic h hgswsisn*

D ui* 4 D u -87# D u 4 876<*6< - 5*87 q 876<*6< 4 861;*27 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf* 85`Giib

Fhj{n{h{ch lnjhih kc uihdhkh kc kwòknc ksuh whfnwc ih 65`F vn njvhdhj{hwch fs D u N cv{c kc?

Du NN 4 D ui* - Du N - Dhif`ì

Dhif`ì 4 6# D u NN

Du NN 4 D ui* - Du N - 5*56Du NN

Du NN 4 4-

4-

>2*5

77*78<27*861;

5*56$8

NDuDui*

8<35*;3 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh kc kwòknc

ψ u NN 4 8*536 mb/i

\u NN 4 8<35*;3/8*536 4 83<2*;7 i/vhwoh

Dhif`ì 4 6# D u NN 4 5*56 q 8<35*;3 4 ;>*38 mb/vhwoh hif`ì

Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc ! ∗ l ϋ 87 a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic

fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?

$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 6*< $6*1`Giib

$ Hif`ì 4 7*3 $ 6#

$ Hfnkn{h{c 4 8*1 ‖ 7*; bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c

<* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hcw lì`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc


8 d6 uihdhkh**************************73 d6 hcw/a

8*3<2;7 d6 uihdhkh***************Q 4 8*3<2;7 q 73 4 6>*81< d6 hcw/a

V{nnjk fh ghwg`{hwch fs hcw kswchzh 87 a us{cd hlih ?\hcw 4 87 q 6>*81< 4 ;25*76 d6 hcw/87a

3;





Dk 4 75# Dd 4 5*7 q 735 4 35 mb/vhwoh kwòknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s*

NNN* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh NNN

8*Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc huh s{ninzh{h ih l`wdhwch uihdcznn

\ìsdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc 2555 $ 73555 i*

Hd hicv? \{ 4 85555 i


\S 4 23# q \{ 4 5*23q 85555 4 2355 i

\h 4 35# \S 4 5*3 q 2355 4 6235 i/vhwoh huh


Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh nj whu`w{ fs bwcs{h{ch dcihvcn) nj uihdhkh vc hkhsbh? $

2*3 # vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns

$ 3 # vsilh{ kc hd`jns

\vì* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 2*3# Dd - 85 q 2*3# Dd 4 5*173 q Dd 4 5*173 qψd q \ d i/vhwoh vì vsilh{

\vì* vsilh{ 4 3# Dd - 85 q 3# Dd 4 5*33 q Dd 4 5*33 qψd q \ d i/vhwoh vìs{nc vsucwl`vlh{

33





8 ai4855 i uihdhkh************************************855 di hfnzn bwhvn2355 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*

\h*b* 42355 di 4 2*3 i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn

;*Fhj{n{h{ch kc uihdhkh g{njs{h

Vc v{nc fh |ìsdsi lnjhi hi uihdcznn nj fhwc v$h njdsi{n{ kwòknh cv{c 23# \{*

\uNNN 4 23# \{ 45*23 q 85555 4 2355 i/ vhwoh uihdhkh lnjhih

Hfchv{h uihdhkh {wcgsnc vh f`j{njh hif`ì nj uwù`w{nc kc 8*13$ 6#*\hif`ì 4 8*13# \ uNNN 45*5813 q 2355 4 861*23 i/vhwoh hif`ì

Fsj`vfhjk hfcv{c kh{c vc u`h{c hlih) knj cfsh{nh kc gnihj{ kc dh{cwnhic) fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh

jcfcvhwh?

\uNNN 4 \vì* vsucwl`vlh{ - \vì* vsilh{ - \d - \h - \h*b*- \ uNN - \hif`ì

2355 4 5*173 q8*6 q \d -5*33 q8*6 q \d - \d - 6235 -2*3 - 83<2*;7 - 861*23

\d 4 3*2652123*7

66*756< 4 i/vhwoh dcihvh

ψd4 8*6 mb/i ) Dd 4 8*6 q 265*37 4 >35 mb /vhwoh dcihvh

\vì* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 5*173 q >35 4 216*23 i/vhwoh vì* vsucwl`vlh{

\vì* vsilh{ 4 5*33 q >35 4 377*3 i/vhwoh vì* vsilh{

Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc ! ∗ l ϋ > a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic

fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?

$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 6*3 $;`Giib

$ Hif`ì 4 8*13 $ 6#


3* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hcw lì`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc


8 d6 uihdhkh**************************35 d6 hcw/a

2*3 d6 uihdhkh***************Q 4 2*3 q 35 4 623 d6 hcw/a

V{nnjk fh ghwg`{hwch fs hcw kswchzh 87 a us{cd hlih ?\hcw 4 > q 623 4 6623 d6 hcw/>a

3<



<* Whjkhdcj{si kc kwòknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s* cv{c kc 65# nj bwcs{h{c lh{h kc bwcs{h{ch


Dk 4 65# Dd 4 5*6 q >35 4 713 mb/vhwoh kwòknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s*

NN* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh N


Dcihvh knish{h njn{nhi uhjh ih <5`Giib) vc knischzh hu`n fs huh uhjh ih 8;`Giib

Dcihvh <5 8; u dcihvh

8;

Huh 5 ;< u huh

\ìsdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc 835$;55 i*Hd hicv? \{ 4 ;55 i


\S 4 ;5# q \{ 4 5*5;q ;55 4 8<5 i

<5 uhw{n*************8; uhw{n dcihvh*****************;< uhw{n huh

8<5 i******************\d************************************\h

\d 62<5

8;8<54

⋃4 i/vhwoh dcihvh

ψd48655 mb/d6

Dd 4 ψd q \d 48*6 q 62 4 ;1 mb/ vhwoh dcihvh

32



\h 4 876<5

;<8<54

⋃i/vhwoh huh

ψh4 >>1*7 mb/d6

Dh 4 5*>>17 q 876 4 877*22 876 mb/vhwoh huh



8 i uihdhkh*****************7 b vsilh{ kc hd`jns****************; b vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns

8<5 i uihdhkh*************Dvsilh{***************************************Dvsucwl`vlh{

Dvsilh{ 4 8<5 q 7 4 675 b/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns 45*67 mb/vhwoh

Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 8<5 q ; 4 <;5 b/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns 4 5*<; mb/vhwoh


8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh

5*67 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 5*67 q 85 4 6*7 i huh

5*<; mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 5*<; q 85 4 <*; i huh

\vì*vsilh{ 4 6*7-5*67 4 6*37 i/vhwoh vìs{nc vsilh{


D vì*vsilh{ 4 8*571 q 6*37 4 6*<7 mb/vhwoh

\vì* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 <*; - 5*<; 4 2*5; i/vhwoh vìs{nc vsucwl`vlh{

ψvì*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> mb/i ! hjcqh .

D vì*vsucwl`vlh{ 4 8*57> q 2*5; 4 2*7; mb/vhwoh

Dv 4 D vì*vsilh{ - D vì*vsucwl`vlh{ 46*<7 - 2*7; 485*1< mb/vhwoh vhwswn js{wn{n|c




8<5 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*

\h*b* 48<5 di 4 5*8< i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn


D h*b* 4 5*>5;7 q 5*8< 4 5*8; mb/ vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn

31




Uihdhkh vc hfnksichzh fs hfnk vsilswnf knish{ uhjh ih 8*8 ‖ 8*7 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c vhs ua

4;*3 ‖ ;*1*

Dhf* 4 7*3 q Dd 4 7*3 q ;1 4 875 b 4 5*87 mb/vhwoh A7V@; f`jf*Knishwch vc lhfc nj whu`w{ 8?8*

Dhf*kni* 4 5*87 - 5*87 4 5*7; mb/vhwoh A7V@; knish{

ψhf* 48*1; mb/i

\hf 4 5*7;/8*1; 4 5*86 i/vhwoh A7V@; knish{



D u4 ;1 - 876 - 85*1< - 5*8; - 5*7; 4821*<7mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf kc 8;`Giib

Ksuh v{cwninzhwc |ìsdsi uihdcznn cv{c fs fnwfh 83# dhn dhwc kcfh{ |ìsdsi knjhnj{c kc

v{cwninzhwc) kh{`wn{h f`jkcjvhwnn uhw{nhic h hgswsisn*

D ui* 4 D u -83# D u 4 821*<7 - 5*83 q 821*<7 4 753*;8 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh fs f`jf* 87`Giib

Fhj{n{h{ch lnjhih kc uihdhkh kc kwòknc ksuh njvhdhj{hwch fs fsi{swh kc ihg`wh{`w cv{c kc ?

Du N 4 D ui* - Kn - Dhif`ì

Kn 4 8# D u N

Dhif`ì 4 ;# D u N

Du N 4 D ui* - 5*58 Du N - 5*5; Du N

Du N 4 44>3*5

;8*753

5*5;$5*58$8

Dui*78<*77 mb/vhwoh uihdhkh kc kwòknc

Kn 4 8# D u N 45*58 q 78<*77 4 7*8< mb/vhwoh fsi{swh kc ihg`wh{`w

Dhif`ì 4 ;# D u N4 5*5; q 78<*77 4 1*<; mb/vhwoh hif`ì

Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc !∗

l ϋ 7; a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic

fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?

$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 ; $;*;`Giib

$ Hif`ì 4 ;#


<* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc `qnbcj lì`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc

3>



V{nnjk fh dcihvh f`j{njc 35# 4355 b/i zhahw) f`j{njs{si kc zhahw hi dcihvcn lì`vn{h ih lhzh N

kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c kc?

Dz 4 Dd q 355 4 62 q 355 4 81355 b 4 81*3 mb/62 i

F<A87@< - < @7↗ <F@7 -<A7@ -882 MO

815 b*********<q67b****< q ;;b81355b******D@7********DF@7

D@7 4 amb b /26*8>66*8>266815

67<8135544

⋃⋃@7

DF@74 mb b 86*7266*72866

815

;;<8135544

⋃⋃F@7



Dk 4 85# Dd 4 5*8 q ;1 4 ;*1 mb/vhwoh kwòknc uwcvh{h fs 72# v*s*

N\* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh N\


Uwnjfnuhisi cicdcj{ ucj{ws fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh cv{c knis{nh uihdcznn fhwc

{wcgsnc vh lnc kc 8 ih 81) hknfh ucj{ws uwcisfwhwch sjcn {`jc kc dcihvh vsj{ jcfcvhwn 81 d 6 kc

|ìsd s{ni kc inj*

\ìsdsi {`{hi hi |hvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c fsuwnjv nj{wc ;5$855 d6*

Hd hicv? \{ 4 855 d6

Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh?Nj lnjhi uihdhkh `fsuh 27# knj \{

hi injsisn*

\uN\ 4 \S 4 27# q \{ 4 5*27q 855 427 d6 4 27555 i/vhwoh uihdhkh lnjhih

Fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh fhwc u`h{c ln uwcisfwh{h cv{c kc?

Dd 4 ;55581

274 mb/vhwoh dcihvh

Fhj{n{h{ch kc huh nj{w`ksvh nj |hvsi kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c?

\h4 65# \S 45*6 q 27555 4 78<55 i/vhwoh huh


<5




Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 85# Dd 4 5*8 q ;555 4 ;55 mb/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns

Dvsilh{4 1# Dd 4 5*51 q ;555 4 675 Mb/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns

Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh

675 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 675 q 85 4 6755 i huh

;55 mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 ;55 q 85 4;555 i huh

\vì*vsilh{ 4 6755-675 4 6375 i/vhwoh vìs{nc vsilh{

\vì* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 ;555 - ;55 4 ;;55 i/vhwoh vìs{nc vsucwl`vlh{

\v 4 \vì*vsilh{ - \vì* vsucwl`vlh{ 4 6375 - ;;554 2>75 i /vhwoh vhwswn js{wn{n|c




27555 i uihdhkh*********************************************\h*b*

\h*b* 427555 di 4 27 i/vhwoh hfnzn bwhvn

Ih vlhwvn{si ucwn`hkcn kc lcwdcj{hwc ! ∗ l ϋ 86 a ) ih { 4 65`F.) uihdhkh hwc swdh{`hwcic

fhwhf{cwnv{nfn?

$ F`jfcj{wh{nc 4 7*7`Giib

$ Hfnkn{h{c 4 5*2 bwhkc kc hfnkn{h{c

$ uA 4 ;*3 $;*2

$ {cducwh{swh 4 71 $65` F

;* Fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc hcw lì`vn{ ih ghwg`{hwc

Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh f`jvsdsi kc hcw ucj{ws ghwg`{hwc cv{c kc?

$ 35 d6 hcw/ d6 uihdhkh vn `wh nj uwndh vn si{ndh `wh=

$ 855 d6 hcw/ d6 uihdhkh vn `wh nj `wcic 7$87*

<8



3* Whjkhdcj{si kc kwòknc kc fsng fs 72# v*s* cv{c kc fnwfh 23# nj bwcs{h{c lh{h kc bwcs{h{ch


Dk 4 23# Dd 4 5*23 q ;555 4 6555 mb/vhwoh kwòknc kc fsng fs 72# v*s*

Ksuh {cwdnjhwch uw`fcvsisn kc dsi{nuinfhwc h kwòknni`w) uihdhkh cv{c {wcfs{h ih vcuhwhwc fshos{`wsi vcuhwh{`hwci`w fcj{wnlsbhic nj 7 {wcu{c*

Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ihu{cic kc kwòknc wczsi{h{ f`j{njc fnwfh ;55 b kwòknc

fs 72# v*s* ih in{ws*

Fhj{n{h{ch kc ihu{c kc kwòknc wczsi{h{h cv{c kc?

8i ihu{c*********************************5*; mb kwòknc

\ihu{c ************************************6555 mb kwòknc

\ihu{c 4 2355;*5

6555 4 i/vhwoh ihu{c kc kwòknc f`jf*85`Giib

\* Gnihj{si kc dh{cwnhic ih dsi{nuinfhwch nj lhzh \

Fs fcic 655 mb kwòknc kc fsng v$hs njvhdhj{h{ fs fh{c <55 mb) 3 uihdczn*


Uwnjfnuhisi cicdcj{ ucj{ws fhifsisi fhj{n{h{nn kc dcihvh cv{c knis{nh uihdcznn fhwc

{wcgsnc vh lnc kc 8 ih 73) hknfh ucj{ws uwcisfwhwch sjcn {`jc kc dcihvh vsj{ jcfcvhwn 73 d6 kc

|ìsd s{ni kc inj*

Hd hicv? \{ 4 855 d6


Nj lnjhi uihdhkh `fsuh 23# knj \{ hi injsisn*

\u\ 4 \S 4 23# q \{ 4 5*23q 855 423 d6 4 23555 i/vhwoh uihdhkh lnjhih

Fhj{n{h{ch kc dcihvh fhwc u`h{c ln uwcisfwh{h cv{c kc?

Dd 4 655573

23 4 mb/vhwoh dcihvh

Fhj{n{h{ch kc huh nj{w`ksvh nj |hvsi kc dsi{nuinfhwc cv{c?

\h4 35# \S 45*3 q 23555 4 62355 i/vhwoh huh

<7





Dvsucwl`vlh{ 4 3# Dd 4 5*53 q 6555 4 835 mb/vhwoh vsucwl`vlh{ kc fhifns

Dvsilh{4 <# Dd 4 5*5< q 6555 4 815 Mb/vhwoh vsilh{ kc hd`jns

Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c vc v{nc fh ucj{ws?8 mb vhwc ***************************************************85 i huh

815 mb vsilh{*********************************************Q 4 815 q 85 4 8155 i huh

835 mb vsucwl`vlh{************************************^ 4 835 q 85 48355 i huh

\vì*vsilh{ 4 815- 8155 4 8>15 i/vhwoh vìs{nc vsilh{

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S{nihosi uwnjfnuhi lì`vn{ ih lhgwnfhwch kwòkncn kc uhjnlnfhŦnc cv{c injsi kc dsi{nuinfhwc h

kwòkncn) bcjcwhŦnh h $NNN$h*

Injsi kc dsi{nuinfhwc dhn cv{c kcjsdn{ Őn lcwdcj{h{`w) Őn u`h{c ln f`jlcfŦn`jh{ knj {hgiĆ

kc `Ŧci hj{nhfnk) `Ŧci nj`qnkhgni vhs fanhw knj `Ŧci `gnŐjsn{ uw`{coh{ êj nj{cwn`w fs sj ihf

hfnk`wcznv{cj{* Injswnic u`{ h|ch l`wdĆ fninjkwnfĆ vhs uhwhicinunucknfĆ* L`wdh fninjkwnfĆ ucwdn{c `knv{wngsŦnc dhn sjnl`wdĆ h hcwsisn êj uiĆdhkĆ Őn ` fswĆŦnwc dhn sŐ`hwĆ) lnnjk hv{lci fch dhn kcv

êj{çijn{Ć* Injswnic kc l`wdĆ uhwhicinunucknfĆ ucwdn{ ` s{ninzhwc dhn gsjĆ h vuhŦnsisn kc ih

lcwdcj{hwc*

Vfacdh{nf) sj inj fihvnf kc dsi{nuinfhwc h kwòkncn uwc|Ćzs{ fs sj vnv{cd v{h{nf kc hcwhwc

vc uwcznj{Ć êj lnbswh 8* knj hjcqĆ*

Dcihvh nj fhwc v$h knzì|h{ vhwswnic js{wn{n|c cv{c hksvh knj wczcw| wsi kc uwcbh{nwc uwnj

f`jksf{h 8) nhw huh kc knishwc uwnj f`jksf{h 7*

Nj uhijnh 6 vc clcf{schzh knishwch dcihvcn* F`jfcj{wh{nh fs fhwc {wcgsnc vh uh{wsjkh

uihdhkh nj inj vc wchinzchzh uwnj v{hgninwch whu`w{sisn fc {wcgsnc vh cqnv{c nj{wc kcgn{si kc dcihvh

vn fci kc huh* @d`bcjnzhwch vìs{ncn vc wchinzchzh nj uhijnc* Uihdhkh uw`hvuh{h kc dcihvh cv{c

knwnoh{h uwnj f`jksf{h 8vuwc z`jh njlcwn`hwh h injsisn) sjkc hbn{hwch lnnjk dhn us{cwjnfh hvnbswh `

knvucwvhwc dhn whunkh h hfcv{cnh*

Kwòknh kc fsi{swh uswh knj h NN$h lhzh kc dsi{nuinfhwc vc nj{w`ksfc nj inj uwnj whf`wksi ;*

Huh vc nj{w`ksfc nj vnv{cdsi kc whfnwc uwnj whf`wksi < vn vc cindnjh uwnj whf`wksi 2* Uwnj whf`wksi

> vc nj{w`ksfc hgswsi ucj{ws v{cwninzhwc) fhwc uh{wsjkc nj vnv{cdsi kc hcwhwc 85 vn nj f`jksf{h 88

kc c|hfshwc h hcwsisn s{ninzh{) fhwc cv{c uwc|hzs{h fs ` fihuc{h kc njfankcwc 87*

2<



Bìnwch injsisn vc lhfc uwnj whf`wksi 86* Vnv{cdsi kc hcwhwc 85 cv{c hifh{sn{ knj{w$`

f`jksf{h fcj{whih fs knhdc{wsi kc 755$735dd* Knj f`jksf{h fcj{whih vc whdnlnfh f`jksf{h

vcfsjkhwh) nhw knj hfcv{ch) dhn dsi{c f`jksf{c fs knhdc{wsi dhn dnf fhwc vsj{ ucwl`wh{c*

Vnv{cdsi kc hcwhwc cv{c l`wdh{ knj{w$` f`jksf{Ć fcj{whiĆ |cw{nfhiĆ ucj{ws nj{whwch hcwsisn

fhwc cv{c êj icbĆ{swĆ fs ` f`jksf{Ć `wnz`j{hiĆ hduihvh{Ć ih lsjksi injsisn) êj fhwc vsj{ êjlnic{h{c `vcwnc kc Ŧc|n ucwl`wh{c) knvusvc uc {`h{Ć vsuwhlhŦh lsjksisn injsisn hv{lci êjfç{ vĆ ucwdn{Ć `

knv{wngsŦnc fç{ dhn lnjĆ Őn dhn sjnl`wdĆ h hcwsisn êj dckns) kc fhwc kcunjkc êj fch dhn dhwc

dĆvswĆ bwhksi kc s{ninzhwc h `qnbcjsisn Őn kcfn f`jvsdsi vucfnlnf kc hcw* @wnlnfnnic kc knv{wngsŦnc

h hcwsisn hs sj knhdc{ws kc 5);ò5)3 dd) knv{hjŦh knj{wc cic cv{c kc fnwfh ; dd Őn vsj{ hduihvh{c

uc uhw{ch ih{cwhiĆ h Ŧc|ni`w ucwl`wh{c* Hfcv{ch vsj{ uwc|Ćzs{c ih fhuc{c fs fhuhfc êjlnic{h{c) fhwc vc

u`{ vf`h{c ucj{ws fswĆŦnwc Őn vuĆihwc*

Lcwdcj{h{`hwcic s{ninzh{c !injswnic kc lcwdcj{hwc. {wcgsnc vĆ hvnbswc? hcwhwch Őn `d`bcjnzhwch nj{cjvĆ h dcknsisn Őn) kcfn) ` |n{czĆ dhwc kc lcwdcj{hwc h

`qnbcjsisn êj vnv{cdsi bhz$infank$fcisiĆ) uwcfsd Őn sjnl`wdnzhwch {cducwh{swnn Őn

f`du`znŦncn dcknsisn=

wĆfnwch clnfncj{Ć h uiĆdcznn=

cqui`h{hwc sŐ`hwĆ=

nbncjnzhwc clnfncj{Ć=

wcznv{cjŦĆ ankwhsinfĆ wcksvĆ ucj{ws hcwhwc*

Injswnic d`kcwjc kc lcwdcj{hwc vsj{ uwc|Ćzs{c fs njv{hihŦnn f`duicqc kc hs{`dh{nzhwc)

fhwc ucwdn{ wcbihwch hs{`dh{Ć h hindcj{Ćwnn fs dcihvĆ Őn vsgv{hjŦc js{wn{n|c) h kcgn{sisn kc hcw)

hucn {cajì bnfc) hj{nvusdhj{) dĆvswhwch Őn wcbihwch hs{`dh{Ć h uA$sisn uiĆdcznn Őn h

{cducwh{swnn êj inj) uwnj |hwnhŦnh kcgn{sisn hucn kc wĆfnwc*

Êj{wsfç{ dsi{nuinfhwch kwòkncn cv{c sj uw`fcv cq`{cwd) cingcwçjks$vc 7355$6355 mfhi/ mb

v*s* kc kwòknc) cv{c jcfcvhw ` wĆfnwc f`wcvusjzĆ{`hwc h uiĆdcznn fhwc vc u`h{c wchinzh fs hos{`wsi

vcwucj{njci`w kc wĆfnwc) h sj`w gh{cwnn kc Ŧc|n kcd`j{hgnic |cw{nfhic hŐczh{c êj nj{cwn`wsi injsisn

vhs uwnj v{wùnwc cq{cwn hwĆ* H{ç{ vnv{cdsi kc knv{wngsnwc h hcwsisn fç{ Őn fci kc wĆfnwc vsj{

f`jv{wsn{c knj Ŧch|Ć kc fsuws*

Êj {ndusi dsi{nuinfĆwnn vc l`wdchzĆ fhj{n{ĆŦn dhwn kc vusdĆ) nhw ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch cn vc

s{ninzchzĆ k`sĆ bwsuc kc uw`fckcc?

$ Uw`fckcc dcfhjnfc) ghzh{c uc lì`vnwch sj`w vuĆwbĆ{`hwc kc vusdĆ=

$ Uw`fckcc fandnfc) fhwc s{ninzchzĆ ucj{ws knv{wsbcwch vusdcn vsgv{hjŦc fs hfŦnsjc hj{nvusdhj{c*

Êj hfchv{Ć lhgwnfĆ ucj{ws f`dgh{cwch vusdcn vc lì`vcvf vsgv{hjŦc hj{nvusdhj{c*

22



\NNN* KNDCJVN@JHWCH INJSISN KC LCWDCJ[HWC

Injsi uwùwns$znv

\ìsdsi {`{hi ? 85 d6

\ìsdsi s{ni ? 2*3 d6

F`jvsdsi vucfnlnf kc hcw ? 35 d6 hcw/ d6 uiĆdhkĆ q a

F`clnfncj{ kc {whjvlcw kc dhvĆ ucj{ws `qnbcj? ≫ 755 mb / d6 qa

Kndcjvnsjn kc bhghwn{ ? 6<55q 88555 dd

DhvĆ ? 2125 mb

Dh{cwnhi ? @I 61

1*8*Fhifsisi lsjksisn injsisn

Lsjksi v{Ć uc bwnjzn) kc fhwc cv{c vskh{* HduihvĆd hv{lci bwnjznic) êjfç{ vĆ h|cd

vh{nvlĆfs{Ć f`jknŦnh

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k fh g g h

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Kcz|`i{çjk vnv{cdsi kc cfshŦnc êj g Őn h|çjk k 4 6d) `gŦnjcd cfshŦnh?

;g;$ 71)6g -77)7145

fs v`isŦnh g4 5)13 d) kc sjkc? f4 7);2 d nhw h4 5)<3 d*

F`jvnkcwçjk fçduswnic fh uiĆfn kwcu{sjbansihwc êjfhv{wh{c uc uh{ws ih{swn) fhzsi dhn

kczh|hj{ho v cv{c sj fçdu V74 g q k*

Whu`w{si ih{swni`w?

[cjvnsjch êj dnoi`fsi uiĆfnn?

[cjvnsjch êj dnoi`fsi ih{swnn dhwn?

Hkdn{cd ? [4 8<55 mb/fd7*

@ bwnjkĆ vsu`w{Ć?

Knj in{cwh{swh kc vucfnhin{h{c?

u4 7);1 {/d7

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1*7*Fhifsisi dhj{hicn injsisn

F`jvnkcwĆd injsi fh sj fninjkws fs ucwcŦnn vsgŦnwn As{{c 268) {cjvnsjch dhqndĆ |h ln ksuĆ{hjbcj{cic fcwfswni`w f`hqnhic) êj nj{cwn`w?

Hicbcd f`jv{wsfŦnh ; dd êj uhw{ch vsucwn`hwĆ Őn < dd êj uhw{ch njlcwn`hwĆ*

Bwnjkh fch dhn v`infn{h{Ć cv{c fch knj dnoi`f* WchfŦnsjch W cv{c?

Bwnjznic |`w ln vuwnonjn{c uc {wcn wchzcdc i4 8)73 d*

Isjbndch bwnjznn 47)2 d*

Injsi |h ln hŐczh{ knwcf{ uc uihjŐcs*

D`dcj{si dhqnd?

D84 5)3< {/d4 3<555 mb/fd

D74 5)<73 {/d 4<7355 mb/fd

[4 8<55 mb/fd7

1*6*Fhifsisi fhuhfsisn injsisn

15

7/7;2)5.! fdmb V

[ u u[ hn{ 4Ò∗4

fd[{ [ V 767)5

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Fhuhfsi uw`uwns znv? bw`vndch v$h hicv f`jv{wsf{n| λ4 ; dd h|çjk 7 êj{Ćwn{swn I 23 q 855

q > V[HV ;73$;> êj cq{cwn`w* Fhuhfsi cv{c uihj ucj{ws h vc us{ch hduihvh êj vuhŦnsi v{wçd{ fhwc

v{Ć ih knvu`znŦnc* Cv{c uwc|Ćzs{ fs ` sŐĆ kc |nzn{hwc kc ;55 q <55 fs bchd Őn fs sj fhuhf lnq

ucj{ws d`j{hosi nj{cwn`w*

1*;*Vnv{cdsi kc hcwhwc

Fhifsisi hcwĆwnn

Jcfcvhwsi kc hcw Xh4 235 d6/a 45)751 d6/vcf* Xh4 5)716 d6/vcf

Uwcvnsjch dcknc h hcwsisn êj f`jksf{Ć U4 86555 mb/d74 8)6 mb/fd7

[cducwh{swh hcwsisn {4 75µF) [4 7>6µM*

HwdĆ{swnic hcwnvnwnn

Ucj{ws v{cwninzhwch injsisn) uc f`jksf{h uwnjfnuhiĆ kc hcwnvnwc vc nj{w`ksf hgswn* Ś{sŦsi kc

hgswn ucj{ws fswĆŦnwc |nz`w cv{c uwc|Ćzs{ fs sj w`gnjc{ fs |cj{ni kwcu{) {noh bankh{Ć 8</8$;5 V[HV

838>$35* ucj{ws hcwnvnwc* Injsi cv{c uwc|Ćzs{ Őn fs sj Ő{sŦ kc nj{whwc hcw f`duwndh{*

1*3*Vnv{cdsi kc wĆfnwc

Fhifsisi wĆfnwnn

[cducwh{swh uiĆdcznn) êj {ndusi lcwdcj{Ćwnn) {wcgsnc dcjŦnjs{Ć ih 65 µF* Vcwucj{njh kc

wĆfnwc |h ln hduihvh{Ć êj k`sĆ uhj`swn* Vcwucj{njh vc |h f`jv{wsn knj Ŧch|Ć kc fsuws fs

kcq{4;; q 7 V[HV 376$;>* \n{czh hucn êj vcwucj{njĆ cv{c êj osw kc 8)8 d/v* [cducwh{swh hucn ih

nj{whwc? {n4 85µF) ih ncŐnwc {c4 75µF*

VsuwhlhŦh kc wĆfnwc h vcwucj{njcn vc kc{cwdnjĆ fs l`wdsih ?

V 4{ Mq

X v

∌

sjkc?

∌ { ‖ knlcwcjŦh dcknc kc {cducwh{swĆ êj{wc uiĆdhkĆ Őn huh kc wĆfnwc=

M ‖ f`clnfncj{si kc {whjvdnvnc h fĆikswnn mfhi/ d7qaqµF*

KnlcwcjŦh dcknc kc {cducwh{swĆ?

UiĆdhkĆ? 65µF…………65µF

18



Huh kc wĆfnwc? 75µF……85µF*

∌ {D4 65µ$85µ475µF

∌ {d4 65µ$75µ485µF

∌ { 4F ΐ4∗ 63*;

85

75ij

8575

F`jknŦnnic kc fswbcwc h hucn êj f`jksf{Ć vsj{ swdĆ{`hwcic ?

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[cducwh{swh dcknc h hucn cv{c

∌ { dck 4 F ΐ4-

837

8575

Nj fhwc?

Wc ‖fwn{cwnsi Wc~j`ikv=

R ‖ |n{czh hucn nj vcwucj{njh) d/v=

ψ$ kcjvn{h{ch hucn kc whfnwc) mb/d6=

k$ knhdc{wsi nj{cwn`w hi vcwucj{njcn kc whfnwc)dd=

ι$ |hvf`zn{h{ch knjhdnfh h hucn*

F`clnfncj{si uhw{nhi kc {whjvlcw {cwdnf θ 8?

H4 8<55

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θ 7 4 7;35 q ³

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θ 7 f`clnfncj{si kc {wcfcwc h fĆikswnn kc ih vsuwhlhŦh Ŧc|nn ih vìsŦnh kc zhaĆw Őn dcihvĆ) fs

kcjvn{ĆŦn Őn |çvf`zn{ĆŦn knlcwn{c*

{ u ‖ {cducwh{swh uiĆdcznn lcwdcj{h{c=

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Uwcvsusjcd fĆ {cducwh{swh ucwcŦni`w vcwucj{njcn vuwc uiĆdhkh êj lcwdcj{hwc cv{c kc 7<)3 5F*

\çvf`zn{h{ch vìsŦnni`w knish{c kc dcihvĆ u`h{c ln fhifsih{Ć ksuĆ _jhdcjvm~ Őn @ifnjnm`|h*

³ 4 8)7 -5)5;< q C $5)558; q G q { fU

G ‖ f`jfcj{whŦnh vìsŦncn #47#{ $ {cducwh{swh vìsŦncn4 65µF

VìsŦnh hwc ` f`jfcj{whŦnc kc 7 5 Giib Őn ` {cducwh{swĆ kc 655F*

³ 48)7 -5)5;< q 7$ 5)558; q 7 q 6548)751 fU

θ 7 4 7;35 q

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F`clnfncj{si {`{hi kc {whjvlcw {cwdnf vc fhifsichzh fs l`wdsih?

M4

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θ ν

λ

θ --

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ν $ f`jksf{ngnin{h{ch fsuwsisn4 665 mfhi /daµF=

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16



cv{c?

V 4{ Mq

X v

∌

Xv 4 ! .87 { { F D h uhuh∗⋃

4 ! . 872655318575;8>517*656 4∗⋃⋃ R

V 4 73*227863*;62>

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GNGIN@BWHLNC

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7* Hjbaci) N*) c{ hi*) 8>>8 ‖ Gnì`bnh Őn {cajì`bnh kwòknni`w ) |ì*NN) Ckn{swh [cajnfĆ)GsfswcŐ{n

6* Hjbaci) N*) c{ hi*) 8>>6 ‖ Gnì`bnh Őn {cajì`bnh kwòknni`w ) |ì*NNN) Ckn{swh [cajnfĆ)GsfswcŐ{n

;* Ghjs) F*) c{ hi*) 8>>1 ‖ Dhjshisi njbnjcwsisn kc njksv{wnc hindcj{hwĆ) |ì* N) Ckn{swh[cajnfĆ) GsfswcŐ{n

3* Ghjs) F*) c{ hi*) 8>>> ‖ Dhjshisi njbnjcwsisn kc njksv{wnc hindcj{hwĆ) |ì* NN) Ckn{swh

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2* Khgnoh) H*) 7558 ‖ Kwòknh kc uhjnlnfhŦnc* S{ninzĆwn ‖ ucwvucf{n|c) Ckn{swh [cajnfĆ$NJL@) FanŐnjĆs

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85* Ic`j{c) D*) 7555 ‖ Gn`fandnh Őn {cajì`bnh uhjnlnfhŦncn ) Ckn{swh) Fwnbhwsq) Unh{whJchdŦ

88* Dhf`|cn) \* D** 7555 ‖ Fhwhf{cwnv{nfn {cwd`lnznfc ucj{ws gn`{cajì`bnc Őn njksv{wnchindcj{hwĆ) {hgcic Őn knhbwhdc) Ckn{swh Hidh) BhihŦn

87* W`{hws) \*) Lnind`j) J*) 8>2< ‖ [cajì`bnn êj njksv{wnh hindcj{hwĆ lcwdcj{h{n|Ć)Ckn{swh Knkhf{nfĆ Őn Uckhb`bnfĆ) GsfswcŐ{n

86* Vcbhi) G*) c{ hi*) 8>1< ‖ Dc{`kc d`kcwjc kc êdgsjĆ{ĆŦnwc h fhin{ĆŦnn Őn v{hgnin{ĆŦnn uw`ksvci`w hindcj{hwc) Ckn{swh {cajnfĆ) GsfswcŐ{n

8;* Vcbhi) W*) 8>>1 ‖ Gn`fandnh uw`ksvci`w hindcj{hwc) \ì* N Őn NN) Ckn{swh Hidh) BhihŦn

HJCQCHjcqh 8

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biotehnologia de obŢinere a drojdiei de panificaŢie (proiect bioreactoare)

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