an2sem1_olaru

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UNIVERSITATEA DIN CRAIOVA

FACULTATEA DE LITERE

SPECIALIZAREA: ROMANA/LIMBA STRAINA

INVATAMANT LA DISTANTA

SUPORT DE CURS

DISCIPLINA: LITERATURA ENGLEZA SECOLUL IXX

ANULII SEMESTRULI

TITULAR: Conf. dr. OLARU VICTOR

PREZENTAREA CURSULUI:

Ace! c"r e!e de!#n$! !"den!#%or f$c"%!$!## de %#!ere c$re !"d#$&$ %#!er$!"r$

en'%e&$( )ec#$%#!$!e$ )r#nc#)$%$ # ec"nd$r$. Sco)"% $" )r#nc#)$% e!e de $ )or# c"no!#n!e%e

c"r$n!#%or )r#*#nd ce%e +$# #+)or!$n!e *$%or# %#!er$re $%e )er#o$de# *#c!or#ene. C"r"%

#n!en!#one$&$:

- $ ofere o *edere de $n$+,%" $")r$ %#!er$!"r## V#c!or#ene

- $ co$!$ #n e*#den!$ c"ren!e%e %#!er$re c$re -$" cr#!$%#&$! de-$ %"n'"%

)er#o$de# !"d#$!e

- $ #n#!e $")r$ $"!or#%or c$re $" ece%$! #n!r-"n 'en %#!er$r $" $%!"%(

#nf%"en!$nd #n +od cr"c#$% 'ener$!##%e *##!o$re de cr##!or#

- e *$ )"ne $ccen! )e '$nd#re$ cr#!#c$( )e $#+#%$re( # n" )e $c"+"%$re( )e

#n!e%e'ere$ d#*ere%or feno+ene %#!er$re # c"%!"r$%e

- c"r"% ## )ro)"ne $ !#+"%e&e !"den!## $ n" )r#*e$c$ %#!er$!"r$ c$ )e "n

feno+en #&o%$!( c# c$ )$r!e #n!e'r$n!$ $ con!e!"%"# oc#$% # c"%!"r$%.

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Tematica cursului:

. In!rod"c!#on !o !0e V#c!or#$n A'e 1234 5 2647

Noiuni generale es!re !erioaa "ictoriana: conte#tul !olitic si social al $remii% realitati s!eci&ice%

incarare istoric'( E$enimente marcante ale !erioaei stuiate% !ersonalitati im!ortante( Conitii

culturale% teninte religioase )Ortoo#ia "ictoriana*( Curente literare% con&lict traitionalisti+

ino$atori(

8. L#!er$r9 Fe$!"re of !0e A'e

Pri$ire generala asu!ra literaturii $ictoriene( Moralitatea si re$olta% ca trasaturi caracteristice(

De,$oltarea intelectualitatii% Noua Eucatie% in&luentele straine( De,$oltarea termenilor literari(

3. Poe!##. I. A%fred( Lord Tenn9on 1246 - 2687

-iogra&ie% incarare in conte#tul istoric% anali,a celor mai im!ortante creatii literare )Ull.sses% In

Memoriam% T/e 0es!eries* Princi!alele trasaturi !oetice% teme !re&erate% !er&ormante literare%

calitati lirice si imaginati$e% stil(

( Ro,er! Bron#n' 128-2267

Date 2iogra&ice% !rinci!alele creatii literare )3ra Li!!o Li!!i% M. Last Duc/ess*( Princi!alele

trasaturi !oetice% teme !re&erate% !er&ormante literare% calitati lirice si imaginati$e% stil( Ino$atii

literare: monologul ramatic

;. V. Ger$rd M$n%e9 . Pro&$!or#: C0$r%e D#c=en.

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D$!e ,#o'r$f#ce( )er#od#&$re$ o)ere# %#!er$re. Per#o$d$ e)er#+en!$%$ S7etc/es 2. -o, )14ist )14


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BIBLIOGRAFIE

1( Allen 6alter% The English Novel P/oeni# 0ouse

2. The Pelican Guide to English Literature From Dickens to Hardy


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. In!rod"c!#on !o !0e V#c!or#$n A'e 1234 5 2647

JUEEN "ICTORIA

"ictoria% t/e aug/ter o& t/e u7e o& Hent an Princess "ictoria o& Sa#e+Co2urg% >as 2orn

in 1415( S/e in/erite t/e t/rone o& Breat -ritain at t/e age o& eig/teen% u!on t/e eat/ o& /er uncle%

6illiam I" in 14


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golen u2ilee in 144? >as a gran national cele2ration% as >as /er iamon u2ilee in 145? )2.

t/en% em!lo.ing t/e im!erial 8 >e8% s/e /a long 2een Hi!lings 8 6io> o& 6insor 8% mot/er o&

t/e Em!ire*( S/e ie% a $enera2le ol la.% at Os2orne on anuar. ;;% 15@1% /a$ing reigne &or

si#t.+&our .ears(

-ACHBROUND IN3ORMATION

MAOR 0ISTORICAL E"ENTS( During t/e "ictorian Age% Englan reac/e its !innacle

o& !o>er an !restige( Not since ancient Rome /a an. nation so ominate 6estern societ. an

t/e entire >orl( T/e 2asis &or t/is glor. >as Englans economic !roucti$it.( As t/e inaugurator

o& t/e Inustrial Re$olution% Englan itsel& along >it/ t/e rest o& t/e >orl mar$elle at t/e grim.

Milans% 86or7s/o! o& t/e >orl9( -et>een 14orl !ut toget/er 2ut% t/at &igure >as tre2le 2. 144@( -et>een 14@ an 14?;

t/e annual $alue o& -ritis/ e#!orts soare &rom L 5@%@@@%@@@ to L as almost

&our times t/at o& t/e Unite States(

Trae >as t/e stimulus to t/e gro>t/ o& t/e $ast em!ire( T/e !ri$ate merc/ant a$entures o&

t/e East Inia Com!an. /a 2roug/t uner K-ritis/ control an Inia t/at >as t/irt.+&our times t/e

si,e o& Englan in area an 1 times in !o!ulation( T/e !racticall. em!t. continent o& Australia

almost @ times t/e si,e o& Englan >as o!en to colonisation an commerce% as >as Canaa t/e ;+

n largest !art o& t/e >orl( Inee Englis/ colonisation e#!ane in t/e 15t/centur. >it/ almost

t/e ra!iit. o& t/e ;@t/centur.( No ot/er countr. emerge as a ri$al o& Englan in territorial

reuisition until t/e centur. close an t/e relati$el. small Englis/ arme &orces >/o% a2le to

conuer o$er a &ort/ o& t/e glo2e% alt/oug/ tom2s an !laues in man. a uiet Englis/ c/urc/

commemorating a son >/o ie &ig/ting% testi&. to t/e cost o& em!ire 2uiling(

T/e economic !o>er o& Englan e#tene not merel. >it/in t/e em!ire 2ut t/roug/out t/e

eart/( T/e !oun sterling >as t/e stanar mone. e#c/ange o& t/e glo2e% an >orl !rices o& all

maor commoities &rom grain to &urs% an &rom cotton to steel% >ere etermine in Lonon( Almost

e$er. countr. >as a e2tor to Englan: muc/ o& 15 t/centur. construction an e$elo!ment in t/e

Unite States >as &inance &rom Lonon an t/e -ritis/ o>ne 2uilings in S/ang/ai% mines in

Me#ico% an t/e entire railroa s.stem o& t/e Argentine( T/is >ealt/ an im!erial graneur mounte

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to un!receente /eig/ts uring t/e reign )14


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C/ie&l. at t/e urging o& Prince Al2ert% t/e Berman /us2an o& "ictoria% t/e Breat E#/i2ition

o& 141 in Lonon la$is/l. is!la.e t/e ric/es o& t/e >orl( T/is >as t/e !rotot.!e o& all

su2seuent 8>orls &airs 8( Pros!erit. >as t/e 7e.note% an "ictorian Englan sa> t/e e#/i2ition

as t/e summit o& /uman ingenuit. an !roucti$it.( T/e 2reat/ta7ing &ocus o& t/e e#/i2ition >as

t/e gigantic Cr.stal !alace% &a2ricate &rom iron girers an $ast e#!anses o& glass(

T/e Crimean 6ar )14+14=* >as t/e onl. Euro!ean con&lict irectl. in$ol$ing t/e -ritis/

2et>een t/e Na!oleonic !erio an 6orl 6ar I( Alt/oug/ Russia >as not a maor militar. !o>er%

t/e Allies )Englan% 3rance% Tur7e.% Sarinia* &oug/t against /er inconclusi$el. (T/e -ritis/ arm.

s/o>e itsel& tragicall. outmoe an inaeuate t/e &amous C/arge o& t/e Lig/t -rigae at

-ala7la$a emonstrating increi2le courage an increi2le aministrati$e 2ungling( T/e /orri2le

su&&ering o& t/e troo!s ue to unsatis&actor. su!!lies >as onl. !artl. alle$iate 2. t/e 0erculean

nursing e&&orts o& 3lorence Nig/tingale(

T/e Se!o. Re2ellion o& nati$e Inian troo!s in 14? im!elle t/e -ritis/ go$ernment in t/e

ne#t .ear to remo$e Inia &rom t/e !olitical urisiction o& t/e East Inia Com!an. an !lace it

uner t/e cro>n( Englans >ar >it/ C/ina )14?+144* >as !art o& t/e Euro!ean manoeu$res &or

!o>er in a ric/ 2ut >ea7l. go$erne lan( Beneral C/arles Beorge Boron le t/e E$er+"ictorious

Arm. o& C/inese against t/e Tai Ping re2els% &inall. crus/ing t/em 2. 14=it/ limite lia2ilit. o&

stoc7/olers )/ence t/e Lt(+8limite9 + a&ter t/e title o& most Englis/ 2usiness &irms*( Pre$iousl. a

s/are+/oler in a &irm >as entitle to /is !ro!ortion o& a com!an.s !ro&its an >as also o2ligate

to /is !ro!ortion o& its lia2ilities( 6/en t/e Cit. o& Blasgo> -an7 )not Lt* &aile in 14?5%

s/are/olers >ere calle u!on to meet o2ligations /unres o& times greater t/an t/e $alue o& t/eir

s/ares( Uner limite lia2ilit. a s/are/oler can lose no more t/an /is initial in$estment( Limite

lia2ilit. t/ere&ore encourage &antastic creation an e#!ansion o& concerns an !rouce t/e

moern !/enomenon o& t/e multitues o& s/are/olers com!letel. ignorant o& t/e 2usiness in >/ic/

t/e. /a$e in$este an &or all !ractical !ur!oses e#clue or sel&+e#clue &rom t/e o!eration o& t/e

2usiness( T/e moern cor!oration t/us e$elo!e as an enter!rise conucte 2. salarie e#ecuti$es

an &inance 2. $ast sales o& stoc7 to man. in$estors(

-enamin Disraeli emerge as t/e ominant Conser$ati$e !olitician% 2ut /e sur!risingl.

8is/e t/e 6/igs9 2. t/e Secon Re&orm -ill )14=?*% >/ic/ ou2le t/e num2er o& eligi2le $oters

an rea!!ortione more euita2l. t/e seats in !arliament( 6it/ t/e trium!/ o& t/e Li2eral Part.

uner 6illiam Blastone% t/e re&orm mo$ement continue: t/e Disesta2lis/ment Act o& 14=5%

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remo$ing go$ernment su!!ort &rom t/e C/urc/ o& Irelan )Protestant* t/e Iris/ Lan Act o& 14?@%

molli&.ing some o& t/e e$ils o& Iris/ lan tenure t/e Eucation Act o& t/e same .ear% !ro$iing

minimum essential eucation &or all Englis/ c/ilren &or t/e &irst time in /istor. t/e introuction in

14?@ o& com!etiti$e e#aminations &or ci$il ser$ice !osts t/e Uni$ersit. Tests Act o& 14?1%

remo$ing most o& t/e religious restrictions u!on stuents an &acult. at O#&or an Cam2rige t/e

Arm. Regulation -ill o& t/e same .ear% reorgani,ing t/e militar. largel. in t/e lig/t o& e&iciencies

re$eale 2. t/e Crimean 6ar an t/e -allot Act o& 14?;% &irst introucing t/e secret 2allot( Uner

Blastone t/e go$ernment &ollo>e c/ie&l. a 8Little Englan 8 !olic.% see7ing to a$oi &oreign

entanglements(

Disraeli returne to o&&ice in 14? a$o>ing a 8-ig Englan9 !olic. to &urt/er -ritis/

!restige an interest t/roug/out t/e >orl( -. !urc/ase o& Sue, Canal s/ares in 14? Disraeli

esta2lis/e Englis/ ominance o& t/e lin7 2et>een East an 6est an initiate Englis/ !enetration

o& Eg.!t( In t/e ne#t .ear% Disraeli 2. t/e Ro.al Titles -ill /a "ictoria !roclaime Em!ress o&

Inia( Domestic measures uring t/e secon Disraeli ministr. inclue: t/e Pu2lic 0ealt/ Act

)14?*% still t/e 2ac72one o& Englis/ sanitar. la> t/e Artisans D>elling Act )14?*% t/e &irst real

attem!t o& t/e go$ernment to im!ro$e /ousing o& t/e !oor an t/e Merc/ant S/i!!ing Act )14?=*

to regulate sea>ort/iness an loaing o& $essels( Un!o!ular colonial >ars against t/e A&g/ans in

Central Asia an t/e ulus in Sout/ A&rica% cou!le >it/ t/e !oorest /ar$est o& t/e centur. in 14?5

cause Disraelis ministr. to &all(

T/e secon Blastone ministr.% starting in 144@% >as /ig/lig/te 2. t>o s!ectacular

!ersonalities( Pious "ictorians >ere s/oc7e at t/e 144@ election to !arliament o& t/e militant

at/eist C/arles -ralaug/( T/e long uarrel a2out /is ta7ing o& t/e oat/ )incluing 8So /el! me

Bo9* &inall. resulte in /is seating in 144= an t/e !assage uner /is s!onsors/i! o& t/e

A&&irmation -ill o& 1444% remo$ing all religious uali&ications &or mem2ers/i! in !arliament(

C/arles Parnell% t/oug/ a Protestant le t/e 0ome Rule &or Irelan Part. in re!eate an elouent

emans &or a se!arate legislature &or Irelan( Parnell su&&ere !olitical isaster in 145@% >/en

name as co+res!onent in a i$orce suit an /e ie t/e ne#t .ear(

Uner Blastone t/e Em!lo.ers Lia2ilit. Act )144@* &or t/e &irst time assure

com!ensation &or >or7ers inure at t/eir em!lo.ment% an t/e Corru!t an Illegal Practices Act

)144it/

t/eir &amilies% an men o& no &i#e a2oe(

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As t/e centur. neare conclusion% Englans ominance o& t/e >orl >as 2eing c/allenge(

Inustriali,ation o& continental nations >as 2elatel. catc/ing u! >it/ Englans !rouction% an

Beman.% unite &or t/e &irst time in 14?@% >as rising >it/ t/e greatest ra!iit.( A >orrie

Conser$ati$e aministration% le 2. Lor Salis2ur. a&ter Disraelis eat/ in 1441% sa> t/e 7e. to

glo2al !o>er in t/e -ritis/ &leet( T/e Na$al De&ense Act o& 1445 sti!ulate t/at -ritain s/oul

maintain a na$. eual to t/e com2ine &leets o& t/e ne#t t>o strongest !o>ers t/is !olic. >as

&ollo>e until 6orl 6ar I(

3urt/er to >orr. t/e Conser$ati$es >as t/e rising tie o& Englis/ socialism( In 144< t/e

3a2ian Societ. )name &or t/e ancient Roman conueror o& 0anni2al% 3a2ius 8t/e ela.er9* >as

&oune% s!ar7e 2. Sine. an -eatrice 6e22 along >it/ Beorge -ernar S/a>( T/e grou!

2elie$e t/at uni$ersal su&&rage an &ull. re!resentational go$ernment >oul e$entuall. insure

socialism( La2our s/o>e its mounting strengt/ an sel&+a>areness >it/ t/e Lonon oc7 stri7e o&

1445( T/e Ine!enent La2our Part.% &ran7l. socialistic% >as &oune in 145ent.+nine mem2ers in !arliament(

In t/e Diamon u2ilee o& 145? t/e -ritis/ em!ire an t/e entire >orl la$is/l. cele2rate

t/e si#tiet/ anni$ersar. o& "ictorias accession% an Hi!lings >ors o& >arning in t/e

8Recessional9 soune /ollo> to an Englan into#icate >it/ maestic !o>er an >orl

ominance( So2ering >as t/e onset in 1455 o& t/e -oer 6ar in Sout/ A&rica% >/ere a small num2er

o& resolute >/ite A&ri7aners &oug/t t/e em!ire almost to a stan+still( T/e eat/ o& Jueen "ictoria

in 15@1 ee!l. a&&ecte t/e em!ire( 0arl. an. o& /er su2ects coul remem2er a !re$ious Englis/

monarc/% &or /er reign >as t/e longest in Euro!ean /istor.% e#ce!t &or t/at o& Louis I"( During /er

reign Englan /a ac/ie$e !ros!erit. an !o>er !re$iousl. un!arallele in /uman /istor.% 2ut

Englans star% almost im!erce!ti2l.% >as on t/e >ane% an e$en t/e least sensiti$e o& Englis/men

7ne> t/at an era /a !asse(

"ictoria% ascening t/e t/rone in 14


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T/e real 2ene&iciaries o& t/is la2our >ere t/e mem2ers o& t/e trium!/ant mile class( E$en

a so!/isticate 3renc/ aut/or an critic li7e 0i!!ol.te Taine% $isiting Englan in t/e 14?@s% >as

a>e 2. t/e is!la. o& national >ealt/( 8Paris9% /e eclare% is meiocre com!are >it/ t/ese

suares% t/ese crescents% t/ese circles an to>s o& monumental 2uilings o& massi$e stone% >it/

!orticos% >it/ scul!ture &ronts% t/ese s!acious streets( Assurel. Na!oleon III emolis/e an

re2uilt Paris onl. 2ecause /e /a li$e in Lonon( -ut e$en t/is Lonon s!lenor !ale 2e&ore t/e

2aronial magni&icence o& Milans manu&acturers% >/ere t/e magnates o& t/e nort/ rule inustrial

em!ires &rom !alaces t/at a Roman em!eror >oul /a$e en$ie(

T/e &oreign >orl isli7e t/e Englis/ merc/ant% 2ut it greatl. en$ie /im an grugingl.

amire /im( T/e /onest. an integrit. o& t/e Englis/ manu&acturer an merc/ant >ere a glo2al

2.>or to t/is a. Argentinians assert $ala(ra ingles )t/e >or o& an Englis/man* >/en t/e.

mean t/e unuali&ie trut/( T/us% >e can see t/at "ictorian re!ressi$e moralit. >as largel. ue to

ee!+seate con$iction% not to /.!ocris. as it /as o&ten seeme to t/e ;@ t/centur.( T/e "ictorians

!ossesse an Englis/ conscience an >ere not e#clusi$el. un&eeling e#!loiters o& t/eir &ello>s t/e

/osts o& re&orm measures in t/e era testi&. to a /umanit. 2e/in t/e >all o& stoc7+/olers( Pri$ate

c/arit. an !u2lic ser$ice o&ten s/o>e t/e 2ourgeois to 2e >ort/. in/eritors o& t/e 2est traitions

o& a su!ersee aristocrac. an 2ul>ar7s o& a sta2le Englan(

CULTURAL CONDITIONS(

8"ictorian9% as >e use t/e >or% is >/oll. accurate as a la2el sim!l. &or t/e c/ronological

!erio 14


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re!ressions o& t/e time% suc/ as t/e ull% !ious Suna.s% 2ut t/e age >oman /a &ull. con&orme to

t/e seate image esire 2. /er mile+class su2ects(

T/e !rinci!al &actor in t/e min+set >e usuall. term 8"ictorian9 >as E$angelical

Protestantism% as note 2. t/e 3renc/man% 0ale$.% !er/a!s t/e greatest aut/orit. u!on t/is era( A

si,ea2le !ro!ortion o& t/e mile class consiste o& 6esle.ans )Met/oists*% intent u!on

trans&orming all societ. into a ecorous% moral institution consonant >it/ t/e !reac/ings o& o/n

6esle.( T/e noncon&ormist grou!s )-a!tists% Congregationalists% etc(* >ere almost all staunc/l.

mile class an e$angelical( 6it/in t/e C/urc/ o& Englan itsel&% t/e same e$angelical &orces >ere

mani&est t/e s!orting an rin7ing clerics o& t/e 14 t/Centur. )as Trollo!e notes in /is no$els*

$anis/e in &a$our o& so2er an moralistic !aris/ clerg.men( E$angelicanism in$este 15 t/Centur.

Englis/ no2ilit. )&reuentl. mile+class in origin* >it/ a ignit. an rectitue selom &oun e$en

as late as t/e Regenc.( E$angelicalism also esta2lis/e ami t/e !roletariat a num2er o& t/e age

s!rang not &rom t/e raicalism o& a S/elle. or an O>en 2ut &rom t/e E$angelicals( Ini&&erent to

traition% t/e E$angelicals soug/t to &orm t/e 0ol. Societ. rig/t /ere an no> in eac/ /eart( T/is

s!irit e#ue Protestant ini$iualism(

Onl. slig/tl. less instrumental t/an e$angelicalism in &orming "ictorian ort/oo#. >as t/e

economic an !olitical !/iloso!/. o& erem. -ent/am( -ent/amite re&orm >as as !otent uring t/e

8Conser$ati$e9 regimes o& Peel an Disraeli as uring t/e 8Li2eral9 aministrations( -ent/anism

>or7e in t>o irections% )occasionall. at cross+!ur!oses*( In its insistence u!on laisse faire it

soug/t to insure &reeom o& action &or all ini$iuals ca!a2le o& use&ul an intelligent conuct(

0ence suc/ measures as t/e re!eal o& t/e Corn La>s 2ut% e$en more im!ortant /ere% >as its &irm

su!!ort &or t/e unrestraine com!etition o& a &ree enter!rise s.stem( T/us it >or7e /an+in+glo$e

>it/ t/e trium!/ant 2ourgeoisie% >/o 2ene&ite s!ectacularl. uner &ree ca!italism( On t/e ot/er

/an% t/e insistence o& -et/amism u!on 8t/e greatest /a!!iness o& t/e greatest num2er9 calle &or

t/e restraint o& criminals an lunatics an t/e !rotection o& >omen% c/ilren% an !au!ers in t/e

interest o& a >/olesome societ.( It must 2e remem2ere% t/ere&ore% t/at t/e re&orm s!irit o& t/e era

>as &unamentall. a e&ence% )a s/oring+u!* o& t/e 2ourgeois ca!italistic s.stem% intent not u!on

altering t/e s.stem 2ut u!on strengt/ening an smoot/ing its o!eration(

Most "ictorians >ere conitione% 2. -et/amism an t/eir o>n 2ourgeois origins% to $ie>

art an literature >it/ t>o entirel. i&&erent attitues% >/ic/ le to t>o entirel. i&&erent e#!ressions

o& !o!ular art(

On one /an% a$erage "ictorians &reuentl. loo7e u!on art as a !leasant su!er&luit. t/at

!ro$ie occasional eno.a2le relie& &rom t/e !ersistent ri$e &or >ealt/( T/e taste o& t/e !o!ulace

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t/ere&ore o&ten euate art >it/ a treacl. romanticism% a glamorous esca!ism e$oi o& t/e

re2ellious an istur2ing c/aracteristics o& t/e great Romantics( T/is eman resulte in an

a2unant su!!l. o& s>eet% co.% sentimental art o& t/e t.!e Mereit/ calle 8rose+!in79( T/e

meie$alism o& t/e age istille t/e colour&ul an c/arming as!ects o& t/e !ast% a$oiing t/e $ulgar%

$iolent% an sensual( Per/a!s t/e ultimate o& romanticism in t/e era% !ossi2le onl. >it/ t/e com!lete

$ictor. o& t/e 2ourgeoisie% >as t/e romantici,ing o& t/e mile+class career itsel&(

On t/e ot/er /an% man. "ictorians o& t/e !ractical mile+class consiere realism as 8t/e

real art9( Pro!erl.% 15t/Centur. realism is 2est terme 82ourgeois realism9% an it emonstrate t/e

&ollo>ing as!ects:

)1* -ourgeois c/aracters central to t/e !ortrait( Most "ictorian no$els e!ict t/e mile+

class an ascri2e 2ourgeois $ie>!oints to t/e amira2le aristocrat an !roletarian( E$en

in /istorical &iction an !oetic meie$alism t/e c/aracters in e&&ect are trans!lante in

"ictorian 2ourgeoisie(

);* -ourgeois e#!erience o& li&e( It is t/e e$er.a. $icissitues o& 2ourgeois struggle% t/e

urge to &inancial securit. an social acce!tance% an t/e !ro2lems o& omestic an

commercial li&e t/at !reoccu!. t/ese realistic c/aracters(

)/o con&orm to t/e mile class conce!ts% an t/e &ailure o& t/e uncon$entional an

re2ellious(

)* -ourgeois surrounings( Mile class !laces o& resience% >or7 an resort ominate

t/e 2ac7grouns( Soli% com&orta2le o&ten cluttere an tasteless settings mirror t/e

!ossessi$e goals o& t/e c/aracters an s.m2oli,e t/eir !ur!oses an natures(

Largel. a mile+class !rouct an.>a.% t/e no$el in t/e "ictorian !erio 2ecame t/e most

!o!ular &orm o& literature an% &or most >riters% t/e onl. reasona2l. certain >a. to earn a li$ing(

T/roug/ t/e 2ourgeois realistic no$el t/e "ictorian age o&&ers a &uller !icture o& its li&e t/an >e &in

in t/e literature o& an. !re$ious e!oc/(

T/e most amire >riters o& t/is age o2$iousl. >ere t/ose >/o su!!orte t/e "ictorian

ort/oo#.( Tenn.son >as t/e !oet laureate o& t/e 2ourgeoisie% Macaula. + its /istorian an S!encer

+ its !/iloso!/er( 6/en Tenn.son in irate &as/ion e!lores t/e !assing o& 8ol Englan9% it is

actuall. t/e >ea7ening o& t/e "ictorian ort/oo#. t/at /e regrets( In /is militar. re&orm s!irit%

Dic7ens is reall. a true -ent/amite% resolutel. >or7ing to maintain t/e mile class( T/e so+calle

8laug/ing critics9% li7e Bil2ert an Sulli$an% are generall. attac7ing t/e e$iations &rom t/e

1


14/70

2ourgeois ort/oo#.% an Matt/e> Arnol soug/t not to o$ert/ro> t/e 2ourgeois ascenanc. 2ut to

rener it more enlig/tene(

-roal. it can 2e /a,are t/at t/e maorit. o& Englis/ >riters reac/ing t/eir maturit.

2et>een 14


15/70

-ot/ o& t/e reactions iscusse in t/is section are &unamental criticisms o& t/e "ictorian

mile+class ominance% not &or t/e sa7e o& its correction 2ut rat/er >it/ an e.e to its emise an a

esire to return to an earlier !attern o& li&e% eit/er real or su!!ose(

INNO"ATORS

6e mig/t la2el t/is tren li2eralism% 2ut again t/e term is a$oie 2ecause o& t/e great

i&&erence 2et>een 15t/Centur. li2eralism an ;@t/Centur. li2eralism( As earl. as 145 3it,geral

in The -u(aiya e#!resse t/e intellectuals scorn &or "ictorian E$angelicalism an% in &act &or

ort/oo# &ait/ generall.( It can 2e sai% 2roal. s!ea7ing t/at most o& t/e signi&icant Englis/ >riters

reac/ing t/eir maturit. 2et>een 14? an 6orl 6ar I /a lost religious &ait/( Some% li7e 0ar.%

>ere ee!l. !aine 2. t/e loss ot/ers% li7e 6ile% !ro&esse &ait/ at t/e a!!roac/ o& eat/ or in

se$ere !s.c/ological istur2ances most% /o>e$er% /a a2anone an. sincerel. &elt con$entional

religion an >ere not muc/ incommoe t/ere2.( T/e maor causes &or t/is 2rea7 >it/ ort/oo#.

can 2e &oun in t/e emergence o& t/e intelligentsia an in t/e contentions o& science(

At t/e centur.s en man. intellectuals >ere su&&icientl. isillusione >it/ t/e mile+class

ascenanc. to s.m!at/i,e >it/ or $igorousl. a$ocate socialism( T/is% o& course% >as a nati$e

Englis/ 2ran relati$el. &e> Englis/men 2ecame Mar#ian socialists% e$en t/oug/ Das /a$ital

)14=?+5* 2. Harl Mar# >as >ritten in Lonon( Englis/ socialists >ere intent not u!on a com!lete

c/ange to a regulate econom.% a nationali,e inustr.% an a trans&er o& !o>er &rom t/e mile

class to t/e >or7ers(

-ot/ t/ese 8le&tist9 tenencies )see7ing an o$ert/ro> o& t/e "ictorian* ort/oo#. an

loo7ing to a ne> an i&&erent s.stem a/ea* ma. 2e trace largel. to t/e e$elo!ment o& t/e 15 t/

Centur. intelligentsia( 6e use t/is latter term in t/e sense o& t/e re2ellious intellectuals o& recent

generations >/o are at os >it/ t/eir age im!atient >it/ an. ort/oo#. >/atsoe$er( T/e maor

"ictorian aut/ors )Tenn.son% Arnol* /a mae t/e transition &rom 2eing $oices o& an eucate

elite% as >ere 14t/Centur. aut/ors% to 2eing $oices &or an to t/e trium!/ant "ictorian mile+class(

-. t/e last uarter o& t/e centur.% /o>e$er% most .oung >riters an t/in7ers /a lost s.m!at/. >it/

t/e 2ourgeoisie e$en t/oug/ t/e intelligentsia /a itsel& e$elo!e &rom t/e mile+class( Since t/e

s!ectacle o& t/e intelligentsia 2itterl. railing against current societ. is still >it/ us ee! into t/e ;@ t/

Centur.% it is a$isa2le to e#!lore t/e reasons &or t/is /ostilit.(

T/e 15t/an ;@t/centuries /a$e !rouce more eucate an articulate !ersons t/an t/ere

are o2s commensurate >it/ t/eir a2ilities( Man. o& t/e intelligentsia )as .et greater in !ercentage in

1


16/70

Euro!e an Englan t/an in Unite States* are anno.e >it/ e$er. as!ect o& a s.stem t/at >ill not

su!!ort t/em aeuatel. or !ro$ie t/em >it/ t/e artistic an creati$e e#!ression t/e. esire(

In conclusion% t/e Re&orm Act o& 14er &rom t/e u!!er

to t/e mile classes% 2ut &aile to 2ene&it t/e la2ouring classes( T/e economic e!ression t/at /a

2egun a2out &our .ears later% t/e Poor La> o& 14 o& >ages% Malt/usianism* e#cite iscontent among t/e >or7ing

classes% >/ic/ attri2ute t/eir /ars/i!s to t/e e#clusion o& !olitics( T/e 8Peo!les C/arter9 o& 14e$er% all t/e o2ecti$es o& t/e 8Peo!les

C/arter9 /a 2een o2taine% e#ce!ting t/at o& an annual !arliament( T/e signi&icance o& t/e C/artist

mo$ement is t/at &or t/e &irst time in Englan t/e !eo!le >ere class conscious in t/eir o!!osition

to t/e /al& >a.% class ins!ire measures o& 2ourgeois re&ormism it >as t/e $anguar o& t/e

raical >or7ing class mo$ement(

T/e age is remar7a2le &or its c#en!#f#c )ro're. T/e centur. >as an age o& in$entions( In

meicine% t/e &igures o& Pasteur% Lister% Paget% an Hoc/ stan out in t/e &iel o& natural science%

t/ose o& C/arles Dar>in% T( 0( 0u#le.% 0er2ert S!encer% A( R( 6allace% Mill% an T.nall( In

communication an trans!ortation came t/e greatest a$ance in material !rogress t/e 2uiling o&

rail>a.s% communication 2. tele!/one% telegra!/ an t/e >ireless% t/e 2eginning o& t/e automo2ile

an o& trans!ortation 2. air( Inustr. >as re$olutioni,e 2. t/e a!!lication o& mac/iner.% steam an

electricit.( T/e art o& !/otogra!/. >as !er&ecte( Des!ite all as!ects o& scienti&ic !rogress%

/o>e$er% $er. little >as accom!lis/e in ameliorating inustrial sla$er. o& men% >omen an

c/ilren(

1=


17/70

It >as $n er$ of )e$ce. T/e &e> colonial >ars t/at 2ro7e out uring t/e "ictorian e!oc/ i

not seriousl. istur2 t/e national li&e( T/ere >as one continental >ar t/at irectl. a&&ecte -ritain

T/e Crimean 6ar an one t/at a&&ecte /er inirectl.% t/oug/ strongl. T/e 3ranco Berman

struggle .et neit/er o& t/ose cause an. !er&orme c/anges( In America t/e great ci$il struggle le&t

scars t/at >ere soon to 2e o2literate 2. t/e >ise statesmans/i! o& /er rulers( T/e >/ole age ma.

t/ere&ore generall. 2e escri2e as one o& !eace&ul acti$it.( In t/e earlier stages t/e lessening surges

o& T/e 3renc/ re$olution >ere still &elt 2ut 2. t/e mile o& t/e centur. t/e. /a almost

com!letel. ie o>n% an ot/er /o!es an ieals% largel. !aci&ic% >ere grauall. ta7ing !lace(

T/e +$!er#$% de*e%o)+en! in t/e !erio is remar7a2le( It >as an age ali$e >it/ /er

acti$ities( T/ere >as a re$olution in commercial enter!rise% ue to t/e great increase o& a$aila2le

mar7ets% an% as a result o& t/is% an immense a$ance in t/e use o& mec/anical e$ices( T/e ne>

commercial energ. >as re&lecte in t/e Breat E#/i2ition o& 141% >/ic/ >as greete as t/e

inauguration o& a ne> era o& !ros!erit.( On t/e ot/er sie o& t/is !icture o& commercial e#!ansion%

>e see t/e a!!alling social conitions o& t/e ne> inustrial cities% t/e &ilt/. slums% an t/e

e#!loitation o& c/ea! la2our )o&ten o& c/ilren*% t/e !ain&ul &ig/t 2. t/e enlig/tene &e> to

introuce social legislation an t/e slo> e#tension o& t/e &ranc/ise( Suc/ >riters as Dic7ens an

Elisa2et/ Bas7ell $i$il. !ainte t/e e$ils o& t/e Inustrial Re$olution% an t/e. calle &ort/ t/e

missionar. e&&orts o& men li7e C/arles Hingsle.(

As &ar as #n!e%%ec!"$% de*e%o)+en!is concerne t/ere can 2e little ou2t t/at in man. cases

material >ealt/ !rouce a /arness o& Tem!er an an im!atience o& !roects an ieas t/at 2roug/t

no return in /ar cas/ .et it is to t/e creit o& t/is age t/at intellectual acti$ities >ere so numerous(

T/ere >as uite a re$olution in scienti&ic t/oug/t &ollo>ing u!on t/e >or7s o& Dar>in an /is

sc/ool% an an immense out2urst o& social an !olitical t/eorising >/ic/ >as re!resente in

Englan 2. t/e >ritings o& men li7e 0er2ert S!encer an o/n Stuart Mill( In aition% !o!ular

eucation 2ecame a !ractical t/ing( T/is% in its turn !rouce a ne> /unger &or intellectual &oo%

an resulte in a great increase in t/e !rouction o& a !ress an o& ot/er more ura2le s!ecies o&

literature(

;( Literar. 3eatures o& t/e Age

1?


18/70

T/e si#t. .ears )14 o& t/e Literature

"ictorian literature >as >ritten in t/e main &or t/e !eo!le% an re&lecte t/e !ressing social

!ro2lems an !/iloso!/ies o& a com!le# era( T/e age >as !re$ailingl. one o& social restraints an

ta2oos% reminiscent in t/is res!ect o& t/e Puritan !erio( T/e >riters% >/et/er !oets or no$elists or

essa.ists% are iactic an moral an !ur!ose&ul% alt/oug/ t/at statement is not $ali &or t/e

mem2ers o& t/e Pre+Ra!/aelite 2rot/er/oo( Possi2l. t/e ominant literar. &orm >as t/e no$el

!ossi2l. t/e least nota2le &orm >as t/e rama( Unou2tel. t/e "ictorian age ran7s secon onl. to

t/e Eli,a2et/an !erio(

1(Its moralit.

Nearl. all o2ser$ers o& t/e "ictorian age are struc7 2. its e#treme e&erence to t/e

con$entions( To a later age t/ese seem inecorous( It >as t/oug/t inecorous &or a man to smo7e in

!u2lic an muc/ later in t/e centur. &or a la. to rie a 2ic.cle( To a great e#tent t/e ne> moralit.

>as a natural re$olt against t/e grossness o& t/e earlier Regenc.% an t/e in&luence o& t/e "ictorian

Court >as all in its &a$our( In literature it is am!l. re&lecte(

Tenn.son is t/e most cons!icuous e#am!le in !oetr.% creating t/e !riggis/l. com!lacent Sir

Bala/a an Hing Art/ur( Dic7ens% !er/a!s% t/e most re!resentati$e o& t/e "ictorian no$elists% too7

&or /is moel t/e ol !icaresue no$el 2ut it is almost laug/a2le to o2ser$e /is an#iet. to 2e

8moral9( T/is t.!e o& >riting is uite 2lameless% 2ut it !rouce t/e 7in o& !u2lic t/at enounce

t/e innocuous ane E.re% as >ic7e% 2ecause it ealt >it/ t/e /armless a&&ection o& a girl &or a

marrie man(

;(T/e Re$olt

Man. >riters !roteste against t/e eaening !rotests o& t/e con$entions( Carl.le an

Matt/e> Arnol in t/eir i&&erent accents >ere lou in t/eir clemenciations T/ac7era. ne$er tire

o& satirising t/e sno22is/ness o& t/e age an -ro>nings mannerisms >ere an inirect c/allenge to

t/e $el$et. iction an t/e smoot/ sel& satis&action o& t/e Tenn.sonian Sc/ool( As t/e age

14


19/70

!roceee t/e reaction strengt/ene( In !oetr.% t/e Pre Ra!/aelites% le 2. S>in2urne an

6illiam Morris% !roclaime no moralit. 2ut t/at o& t/e artists regar &or /is art( -. t/e $igour o&

/is met/os% S>in2urne /orri&ie t/e timorous% an mae /imsel& rat/er riiculous in t/e e.es o&

sensi2le !eo!le( It remaine &or T/omas 0ar. to !ull asie t/e "ictorian $eils an s/utter an >it/

t/e large tolerance o& t/e master to regar mens actions >it/ o!en ga,e(

as ine$ita2l. a&&ecte 2. t/e ne> ieas in sciences% religion% an

!olitics( On t/e Origin o& S!ecies )145* o& Dar>in s/oo7 to its &ounations scienti&ic t/oug/t( 6e

can !ercei$e t/e in&luence o& suc/ a >or7 in Tenn.sons In Memoriam% in Matt/e> Arnols

meitati$e !oetr. an in t/e >or7s o& Carl.le( In religious an et/ical t/oug/t t/e O#&or

Mo$ement% as it >as calle% >as t/e most note>ort/. a$ance( T/is mo$ement /as its source

among t/e .oung an eager t/in7ers o& t/e ol uni$ersit.% an >as /eae 2. t/e great Ne>man%

>/o ultimatel. )14* oine t/e C/urc/ o& Rome( As a religious !ortent it mar7e t/e >ies!rea

iscontent >it/ t/e e#isting 2elie&s o& t/e C/urc/ o& Englan as a literar. in&luence it a&&ecte

man. >riters o& note% incluing Ne>man /imsel&% Hingsle.% an Blastone(

( T/e Ne> Eucation

T/e Eucation Acts ma7ing a certain measure o& eucation com!ulsor.% ra!il. !rouce an

enormous reaing !u2lic( T/e c/ea!ening o& !rinting an !a!er increase t/e eman &or 2oo7s so

t/at t/e !rouction >as multi!lie( T/e most !o!ular &orm o& literature >as t/e no$el% an t/e

no$elists res!one >it/ a >ill( Muc/ o& t/eir >or7 >as o& /ig/ stanar% so muc/ so t/at

com!etent critics /a asserte t/at t/e mile .ears o& t/e 15 t/centur. >ere t/e ric/est in t/e >/ole

/istor. o& t/e no$el(

( International In&luences

During t/e 15t/ centur.% t/e interaction among American an Euro!ean >riters >as

remar7a2l. &res/ an strong( In -ritain t/e in&luence o& t/e Breat Berman >riters >as continuous

an Carl.le an Matt/e> Arnol c/am!ione it( Su2ect relations% in !articular t/e Italians >ere a

s.m!at/etic t/eme &or !rose an $erse( T/e -ro>nings% S>in2urne% Morris an Mereit/ >ere

15


20/70

ee!l. a2sor2e in t/e long struggle o& t/e &ollo>ers o& Bari2ali an Ca$our an >/en Italian

&reeom >as gaine t/e reoicing >as genuine(

=( T/e Ac/ie$ement o& t/e Age

6it/ all its immense !rouction% t/e age !rouce no su!reme >riter( It re$eale no

S/a7es!eare% no S/elle.% nor a -.ron or a Scott( T/e general literar. le$el >as% /o>e$er% $er. /ig/

an it >as an age% moreo$er% o& s!acious intellectual /ori,ons% no2le enea$our% an 2rig/t

as!irations(

? T/e De$elo!ment o& Literar. 3orms

T/e "ictorian e!oc/ >as e#ceeingl. !roucti$e o& literar. >or7 o& a /ig/ ualit.% 2ut

e#ce!t in t/e no$el% t/e amount o& actual inno$ation is 2. no means great( 6riters >ere as a rule

content to >or7 u!on &ormer moels% an t/e im!ro$ements t/e. i ac/ie$e >ere o&ten u2ious

an unim!ortant(

3. POETS

T/e l.rical out!ut is $er. large an $arie% as a glance t/roug/ t/e >or7s o& t/e !oets >ill

s/o>( In &orm t/ere is little o& &res/ interest( Tenn.son >as content to &ollo> t/e met/os o& Heats%

t/oug/ -ro>nings com!licate &orms an S>in2urnes long musical lines >ere more &reel. use

2. t/em t/an 2. an. !re$ious >riter(

In escri!ti$e an narrati$e !oetr. t/ere is a greater a$ance to c/ronicle( In su2ect &or

e#am!le in t/e !oems o& -ro>ning an Morris t/ere is great $ariet.% em2racing man. climes an

!erios in met/o t/ere is muc/ i$ersit.% ranging &rom t/e culture elegance o& Tenn.sons

Englis/ lansca!es to t/e 2ol im!ressionism o& t/e !oems o& 6/itman( T/e Pre Ra!/aelite

Sc/ool% also% unite se$eral &eatures% >/ic/ /a not 2een seen 2e&ore in com2ination( T/ere >as a

&onness &or meie$al t/emes treate in an uncon$entional manner% a ric/l. coloure !ictorial

e&&ect% an a stuie an meloious sim!licit.( T/e >or7s o& Rossetti% Morris an S>in2urne

!ro$ie man. e#am!les o& t/is e$elo!ment o& !oetr.( On t/e >/ole >e can sa. t/at t/e "ictorians

;@


21/70

>ere strongest on t/e escri!ti$e sie o& !oetr.% >/ic/ agree >it/ t/e more meitati$e /a2its o&

t/e !erio% as contraste >it/ t/e >armer an more l.rical emotions o& t/e !re$ious age(

T/ere >ere man. attem!ts at !urel. narrati$e !oetr.% >it/ interesting results( Tenn.son

t/oug/t o& re$i$ing t/e e!ic% 2ut in /im t/e e!ical im!ulse >as not su&&icientl. strong an /is great

narrati$e !oem >as !rouce as smaller &ragments >/ic/ /e calle i.lls( -ro>nings Hing an t/e

-oo7 is curious% &or it can 2e calle a !s.c/ological e!ic+ a narrati$e in >/ic/ emotion remo$es

action &rom t/e c/ie& !lace( In t/is class o& !oetr. T/e Eart/l. Paraise o& 6illiam Morris is a

return to t/e ol Romantic tale as >e &in it in t/e >or7s o& C/aucer(

A%fred( Lord Tenn9on 1246 - 2687

0is !oetr.

6/en /e >as 1? .ears ol Tenn.son colla2orate >it/ /is eler 2rot/er% C/arles in Poems

2. T>o -rot/ers )14;?*( T/e $olume is a slig/t one% 2ut in t/e lig/t o& /is later >or7 >e can alrea.

iscern a little o& t/e Tenn.sonian metrical a!titue an escri!ti$e !o>er(

0is $olume o& Poems )14e see t/e Tenn.sonian tec/niue a!!roac/ing !er&ection( T/en in 14; /e !rouce

t>o $olumes o& !oetr. )Poems* t/at set /im once an &or all among t/e greater !oets o& /is a.(

T/e &irst $olume consists mainl. o& re$ise &orms o& some o& t/e num2ers !u2lis/e !re$iousl. t/e

secon is entirel. ne>( It o!ens >it/ Morte Art/ur% an contains Ul.sses% Loc7sle. 0all% an

se$eral ot/er !oems t/at stan at t/e summit o& /is ac/ie$ement(

8In orer to &orm a &air a!!reciation o& Tenn.sons !oetr. >e /a$e to consier /im in t/e

!ers!ecti$e o& /is age as >ell as in artistic conte#ts( 6e must also $ie> /im >it/in t/e sc/eme o&

/is !s.c/ological !rocess9 )( Carr*

As a result o& t/is care&ul e#amination% >e s/all come to a conclusion: t/at Tenn.son /as

2een su2ect to a li&e% su2ect to a &unamental i$ision o& min( On t/e one /an% /is aest/etic

con$iction t/at >it/ra>al% ream an creaseless contem!lation >ere necessar. to art on t/e ot/er

/an% t/e con$iction o& t/e sociall. res!onsi2le Tenn.son% t/at o& 2eing in ut. 2oun to transmit

t/e et/os o& t/e age an >/o t/ere&ore use !oetr. as a iactic >ea!on(

T/e e#!ression o& /is !oetic ream >e &in in t/e .out/&ul !oem calle T/e 0es!eries( T/e

Baren o& t/e 0es!eries% t/e $anis/e an unattaina2le !araise% stans &or t/e !oets conce!tion

;1


22/70

o& a !oetic Een% o& a li&e time eicate to art% a li&e >it/ra>n% intros!ecti$e an sensuous( It is a

s.m2olic !resentation o& t/e situation o& t/e artist% a 7in o& incantation sung 2. t/e t/ree

0es!eriian maiens in$o7ing t/e magic o& !oetr. assuming t/at t/e !oets art ma. t/ri$e an 2e

!rotecte(

T/e Bree7 m.t/ o& t/e 0es!eriian garens >it/ its tree% golen a!!le% 8t/e &ruit o&

>isom9 an its 2liss&ul atmos!/ere remins us o& t/e Baren o& Een( 0e t/ere2. antici!ates t/e

use o& m.t/olog. as /anle 2. later !oets% li7e 6(-( Feats an T(S( Eliot( T/us t/ere is no s/a!e

2rea7 2et>een t/e !oetr. o& t/e Romantics )S/elle. an Heats*% o& t/e "ictorians an o& t/e

moerns% 2ut sim!l. continuit. an trans&ormation( T/e golen a!!le is a treasure o& t/e 6est( T/e

notion o& east an >est /as a s!ecial signi&icance% 2eing !art o& t/e m.t/olog. o& Tenn.sons earl.

!oems( T/e maiens% aug/ters o& 0es!erus% t/e e$ening star% are aug/ters o& t/e 6est( T/e 6est

is a !lace o& T>ilig/t o& rela#ation an eat/( It is essentiall. t/e >orl o& magic t>ilig/t o& t/e

Lotus+Eaters% a lan >/ere it seeme al>a.s a&ternoon% o& t/e Merman an t/e Mermai% a lan o&

retreat into &antas. an unrealit.( T/e antit/esis to t/is is East% t/e lan o& a>n% o& acti$it. an

stri&e( T/e antinom. is constantl. em!/asi,e 2. a lig/t ar7% e$ening morning contrast(

0e &reuentl. e#!resse /is reasone intentions to !artici!ate in t/e acti$ities o& /is &ello>

men% &or% in s!ite o& t/e gruges /e 2ore to t/e utilitarism an mec/ani,ation o& /is !erio% /e >as

im!resse >it/ t/e scienti&ic a$ance o& /is time an coul not &ail to notice t/e !rogress ac/ie$e(

In s!ite o& /is s!iritual e$otion to t/e remoteness an isolation o& /is !oetic garen% Tenn.son

mae a conscious e&&ort to transmit t/e et/os o& /is age% using !oetr. as a iactic >ea!on(

T/is am2i$alence o& Tenn.sons attitue to>ars t/e !oetic act o& creation e#!resses itsel& in

t/ematic images% >/ic/% li7e musical moti&s in a s.m!/on.% al>a.s introuce t/e same iea an

state o& min( T/e lan o& Lotus+Eaters is anot/er $ersion o& t/e same !oetic garen( A lan in

>/ic/ it seeme al>a.s a&ternoon% a lan o& t>ilig/t% 8langui air9% >ear. ream o& !assi$e

sta2ilit.( A lan >/ere all t/ings al>a.s seeme t/e same% t/e lan o& mu&&le noises% t/e lan o& t/e

!ale+&ace melanc/ol. Lotus+Eaters% o& t/e magic &ruit o& soot/ing e&&ect% >/ere t/e inner s!irit

sin7s 8T/ere is no o. 2ut calm9(

T/e ream. melanc/ol. !oet an t/e res!onsi2le social 2eing are &use in Ull.sses( T/e

!oem ma. 2e inter!rete as one more s!eculation o& Tenn.sons on t/e &ate an calling o& t/e !oet(

T/e 2asis o& Tenn.sons !oem is not to 2e soug/t in t/e 0omeric !oems% 2ut in Dantes In&erno( In

t/e ele$ent/ 2oo7 o& t/e O.sse. it is &oretol t/at a&ter /is return to It/aca an t/e sla.ing o& t/e

suitors% /e is to set o&& again on a m.sterious $o.age( T/is $o.age an its outcome are relate 2. t/e

&igure o& Ull.sses in Dantes In&erno(

;;


23/70

T/e !oem% /o>e$er% e#!resses a !ersonal emotion o& Tenn.sons as a man o& /is o>n e!oc/

ee!l. an !ersonall. &elt( Ull.sses% t/e &ar tra$elle an muc/ trie% /as at last reac/e /is isle

o& 82arren crags9% /as reoine 8an age >i&e9 an rules as 8an ile 7ing9 o$er a sa$age race( 0e

/as returne 2ut 8/e cannot rest &rom tra$el9 an is continuousl. ra>n an 2e>itc/e 2. t/e

m.ster. o& t/e &uture so /e ta7es a ecision an ma7es a mo$ing a!!eal to /is &ormer com!anions(

6/at sort o& !oem is Ull.sses It is not e!ic( T/e narrati$e !assages are occasional

&las/2ac7s in t/e course o& meitation o& an internal monologue t/at e#!resses t/e com!le# moo o&

a moment a call o& t/e unisco$ere m.ster. l.ing a/ea a ramatic resolution a /eroic call to

action( )Nature 2ac7groun &or re&lecting some /uman emotions*(

6/en Tenn.son >as enno2le &or /is !oetr. it >as 2ecause /e /a 2ecome t/e !oet o& /is

times( 0is re!resentati$e !osition an /is !eerage% 2ot/ seem to /a$e eri$e &rom In Memoriam%

/is great eleg. &or /is &rien an &ello> stuent Art/ur 0enr. 0allam >/o ie in 14/o in$ente a com!le#it. o&

mourning an a st.le o& &unerar. art( T/at can seem e#aggerate to a later generation( T/e secon

t/eme% ou2t% is !ro&ounl. connecte in t/e !oem to t/e ne> e$olutionar. e#!lanation o& t/e

uni$erse t/at >as emerging in t/e 14@s an 14@s( T/is i not &in its &ull e#!ression until t/e

!u2lication o& Dar>ins On t/e Origin o& S!ecies in 145% 2ut it >as 8in t/e air9 aroun Tenn.son at

Cam2rige an else>/ere muc/ earlier t/an t/at( Tenn.son /a a i&&icult engagement to /is &uture

>i&e% Emil. Sell>oo% uring t/e .ears o& com!osition o& t/e !oem an it a!!ears t/at it neee%

&inall.% to con$ince /er t/at /is C/ristian &ait/ >as soun 2e&ore s/e >oul agree to marr. /im(

6it/ t/is in $ie> /e sent /er !ri$atel. !rinte $ersion o& In Memoriam% to >/ic/ /e /a recentl.

ae t/e !rologue% some mont/s 2e&ore its o&&icial !u2lication( Astonis/ingl.% it con$ince /er t/at

/er &iancQ >as inee a C/ristian(

Per/a!s t/e !rologue goes some >a. to>ars e#!laining t/is( 6it/ its aition t/e !oem at

least o!ens >it/ a irect in$ocation o& C/rist: 8Strong Son o& Bo% Immortal Lo$e9( -ut a care&ul

reaing o& t/e rest o& t/e !oem re$eals more o& ou2t t/an o& &ait/ >/ile muc/ o& t/e !rologue itsel&

s/o>s an#iet. a2out religious &ait/( 0a$ing in$o7e C/rist% it continues:

86/om >e% t/at /a$e not seen t/. &ace

-. &ait/ an &ait/ alone em2race

-elie$ing >/ere >e cannot !ro$e(9

;


24/70

T/e em!/asis is on t/e reasons to ou2t% rat/er t/an on t/e reasons to 2elie$e% an t/is tone

remains ominant t/roug/out t/e !oem( 8T/ine are t/ese or2s o& lig/t an s/ae

T/ou maest Li&e is man an 2rute

T/ou maest Deat/ an I% t/. &oot

Is on t/e s7ull >/ic/ t/ou /ast mae(

T/ou >ilt not li$e us in t/e ust:

T/ou maest man% /e 7no>s not >/.

0e t/in7s /e >as not mae to ie

An t/ou /ast mae /im: t/ou art ust(9

T/ese >ors 8trust9 an 8some/o>9 are re!eate in t/e !oem on se$eral occasions al>a.s

stressing t/e uncertain nature o& goo( )8O/ .es >e trust t/at some/o> goo

6ill 2e t/e &inal goal o& ill9%

8Fet i& some $oice t/at man coul trust%

S/oul murmur &rom t/e narro> /ouse 8 an so on* along

>it/ >ors suc/ as 8.et9 an 82ut9% t/e. o&&er a 7e. to t/e !oem(

T/e ou2t comes &rom t/e &act o& eat/( Tenn.son sai t/at /e >oul es!air i& /e e$er

came trul. to ou2t Bo or Immortalit.% Fet 0allams eat/ an t/e anguis/e uestrim as to >/ere

0allam no> >as an >/et/er t/e. >oul meet again !ut an immense strain on t/ese 2elie&s( Deat/

in In Memoriam 87ee!s t/e 7e. to all t/e crees9 &or onl. a&ter eat/ >ill t/e trut/ 2e re$eale

t/oug/ it ma. 2e t/e trut/ t/at all religion is untrue(

T/e !oems l.rics are se!arate &rom one anot/er an most o& t/em can 2e rea as units more

or less success&ull. a l.ric suc/ as: 8I en$. not in an. moos9 )no ;?* coul 2e ant/ologi,e

se!aratel. >it/out /uge loss( -ut unou2tel. t/e !oem >or7s 2est as a >/ole( It /as a $ague

structure% !assing t/roug/ t/ree .ears o& mourning% s/o>ing us t/ree C/ristmases an mo$ing

to>ars some sort o& $er. tentati$e resolution( A2o$e all% its emotional register !er$aes all its

constituent !arts% >/ic/ >oul t/ere&ore lose somet/ing i& cut o&& &rom it( 6/en e$olution is t/e

to!ic )in l.rics += &or instance* >e are still a>are t/at it is !ersonal grie& t/at /as !ro$o7e t/ese

t/oug/ts an t/at it is not onl. t/e ans>er to li&es m.steries t/at is 8-e/in t/e $eil% 2e/in t/e

$eil9% 2ut t/e >/erea2outs o& Tenn.sons &rien% too( A goo com!arison in t/is res!ect >oul 2e

S/a7es!eares sonnets >/ic/ can 2e rea se!aratel.% 2ut >/ic/ are nonet/eless a seuence(

;


25/70

L.ric 4% in >/ic/ Tenn.son escri2es /is o>n met/o in t/e !oem% as7s us not to ta7e /is

8s/ort s/allo>+ &lig/ts o& song9 too seriousl. as intellectual arguments t/e 8slener s/ae o&

ou2t9% /e !rotests% /as 2ecome 8$assal onto lo$e9( -ut t/is is nonet/eless t/e great !oem o&

"ictorian ou2t as t/e !oet /imsel& recogni,es >/en /e !roclaims% in an astute mo$e% t/at 8T/ere

li$es more &ait/ in /onest ou2t% -elie$e me% t/an in /al& t/e crees9(

In Memoriam is a great eleg.% a great !oem o& ou2t% an an e#cellent !icture o& "ictorian

&rame o& min( Last 2ut not least% it is also c/aracterise 2. an e#traorinar. eu!/on. an a

masterl. use o& t/e r/.t/ms in Englis/(

In one o& /is ramatic monologues% Tenn.son inter!rets t/e m.t/ o& Ul.sses( Dante%

S/a7es!eare% o.ce% an man. ot/ers /a$e recast t/e role o& t/e legenar. /ero( Inter!retations /a$e

$arie% &rom Dantes conemnation o& /im to t/e circles o& /ell as a s.m2ol o& o$erreac/ing !rie

an am2ition% to Tenn.sons es!ousal o& /im as a s.m2ol o& t/e /uman esires &or e#!erience%

!/.sical !ro>ess% courage% a$enture% an 7no>lege(

Fou must esta2lis/ t/e ramatic situation( Ul.sses is no> an elerl. 7ing as /e aresses t/e

!eo!le o& It/aca( 0e is a2out to set o&& again in uest o& great a$entures an !lans to lea$e t/e

management o& t/e 7ingom to /is son Telemac/us( To esta2lis/ t/e c/aracter o& t/e s!ea7er%

consier t/e &ollo>ing e#cer!ts(

8I >ill rin7Li&e to t/e less9

Ul.sses is in an acti$e% $i2rant /uman 2eing >/o >ants to e#!erience as muc/ as !ossi2le in

li&e( 0e >ants to mo$e out into realms o& t/e un7no>n in an e&&ort to li$e li&e to t/e &ullest an to

increase t/e 7no>lege o& all !eo!le(

8It little !ro&its t/at an ile 7ing

mete an ole

Uneual la>s unto a sa$age race(9

Ul.sses !lans to lea$e It/aca 2ecause /e &eels no c/allenge in t/e calm% rustic routine o&

slo>l. 2uiling a societ. &rom a 2ac7>ar nation(

8I am a !art o& all t/at I /a$e met9

;


26/70

Ul.sses is an ine#trica2l. lin7e to t/e !ast e#!eriences >/ic/ 2uilt /is &ame( 0e nees to

reac/ out into e#!erience% to sail again t/e seas o& t/e un7no>n an to gro> e$en more( 0is !ast

s/a!e /is !resent c/aracter:

80o> ull it is to !ause% to ma7e an en%

To rust un2urnis/e% not to s/ine in use9

3or /im to stan is tantamount to an amission t/at /is a2ilities /a$e ie( 0e must set out

again on a uest(

8 Li&e !ile on li&e

6ere all too little% an o& one to me

Little remains(9

E$en one li&etime cannot contain /is in&inite energies an esires(

8An t/is gre. s!irit .earning in esire

To &ollo> 7no>lege li7e a sin7ing star9

E$en in /is ol age Ul.sses s!irit still .earns to unco$er ne> lans an to e#!lore ne>

$istas o& /uman li&e(

8KTis not too late to see7 a ne>er >orl9

3or Ul.sses% /uman 2eings must ne$er surrener t/eir s!irit o& e#!loration an t/eir esire

&or 7no>lege(

8T/oug/ muc/ is ta7en% muc/ a2ies 8

In s!ite o& t/e man. $ictories /e /as >on% t/ere are al>a.s more a>aiting t/e a$enturous

!erson(

8To stri$e% to see7% to &in% an not to .iel(9

;=


27/70

T/is &amous closing line o& t/e !oem /as 2ecome a creo &or all t/at is great in /uman

&ortitue an strengt/(

In irect contrast to Ul.sses is /is son Telemac/us( Tenn.son !ur!ose&ull. esta2lis/es t/is

contrast to re!resent t>o se!arate >a.s o& li&e( Ul.sses% as is uite o2$ious a2o$e% re!resents t/e

/eroic $ision o& t/e e#!lorer( -ut Telemac/us% o& >/om /is &at/er sa.s% 80e >or7s /is >or7% I

mine9% re!resents a i&&erent 2ut in man. >a.s euall. im!ortant role in li&e( T/e /ero can see7 out

ne> e#!eriences% 2ut /is constant >anerings lea$e /im little time to contem!late t/e meaning o&

/is isco$eries% to iscern >/at societal 2ene&its t/e. ma. rea!( Telemac/us is t/e t/oug/t&ul man

o& societ. >/o !laces its >ell 2eing a2o$e /is o>n( 0e can &ace t/e ail. c/allenge o& ealing >it/

an unenlig/tene race in an attem!t to 2uil a culture an a ci$ili,ation( Telemac/us !ossesses a

8slo> !ruence to ma7e a milA rugge !eo!le% an t/roug/ so&t egreesSu2ue t/em to t/e

use&ul an t/e goo9( 0e /as 8tenerness9 cou!le >it/ a strengt/ to eal >it/ 8common uties9(

In t/is !oem% Tenn.son clearl. sies >it/ t/e ini$iual >/o see7s !ersonal actuali,ation

rat/er t/an social in$ol$ement( -ut t/is is not to conemn t/e $alue o& eit/er goal( In &act% t/e

2iogra!/ical &act t/at Tenn.son >rote t/is !oem a&ter t/e eat/ o& /is close &rien Art/ur 0allam in

an attem!t to em!/asi,e t/e nee to go &or>ar an 2ra$e t/e struggle o& li&e ma7es /is meaning

an intention clear(

T/e man. lines >/ic/ /a$e uni$ersal signi&icance re&lect t/e !oets esire to /a$e /is

s!ea7er relate t/e $alue o& t/e /eroic >a. o& li&e( 0is tone o& commitment to /is ieals an o& lo&t.

as!irations ser$es to en/ance t/e !oem(

T/e !u2lic recei$e Mau an Ot/er Poems )14* >it/ ama,ement( T/e c/ie& !oem is

calle a 8monorama9( It consists o& a series o& l.rics% >/ic/ re&lect t/e lo$e an /atre% t/e /o!e

an es!air o& a lo$er >/o sla.s /is mistresss 2rot/er an t/en &lees% 2ro7en% to 3rance( T/e onl.

ot/er !oem o& an. lengt/ is Enoc/ Aren )14=*% >/ic/ 2ecame t/e most !o!ular o& all( T/e !lot is

c/ea! enoug/% ealing >it/ a seaman% su!!ose ro>ne% >/o returns an &ining /is >i&e /a!!il.

marrie to anot/er man% regret&ull. retires >it/out ma7ing /imsel& 7no>n(

1( 0is Poetical C/aracteristics

a* 0is c/oice o& su2ect( Tenn.sons earl. instincts as seen in /is &irst $olumes le /im to t/e

l.ric an legenar. narrati$e as /is !rinci!al t/emes% an t/ese /e /anle >it/ a s7ill an artistr.

;?


28/70

>/ic/ /e rarel. sur!asse( Alrea.% /o>e$er% in t/e 14; $olume% t/ere are signs o& t/e et/ical

interest% >/ic/ >as to 2e t/e mains!ring o& /is later >or7( As a t/in7er% Tenn.son lac7e e!t/ an

originalit.( 0e >as content to mirror t/e &eelings an as!irations o& /is time% an /is iactic >or7

lac7s t/e 2urning &ire% >/ic/ alone can trans&orm t/e iactic into trul. great art( T/e reuirements

o& /is o&&ice as Poet Laureate le to t/e !rouction o& a num2er o& occasional !oems >/ic/ /a$e

cause /im to 2e escri2e contem!tuousl.% as t/e ne>s!a!er o& /is age% an it is sur!rising t/at

t/e. are as goo as t/e. are( 3or t/e rest% >it/ t/e e#ce!tion o& In Memoriam an Ul.sses%

Tenn.sons !oems are 2est >/en /e re$erts to t/e l.ric or narrati$e t/emes% >/ic/ >ere /is original

ins!iration(

2* 0is Cra&tsmans/i!( No one can en. t/e great care an s7ill s/o>n in Tenn.sons >or7(

0is met/o o& !roucing !oetr. >as slo>l. to e$ol$e t/e lines in /is min% commit t/em to

!a!er an to re$ise t/em till t/e. >ere as near !er&ection as /e coul ma7e t/em( Conseuentl.% >e

/a$e a /ig/ le$el o& !oetical artistr.( No one e#cels Tenn.son in t/e e&t a!!lication o& soun to

sense an in t/e su2tle an !er$aing em!lo.ment o& alliteration an $o>el+music(

0is e#cellent cra&tsmans/i! is also a!!arent in t/e /anling o& Englis/ meters in >/ic/ /e is

a tireless e#!erimenter( In 2lan7 $erse /e is not so $arie an !o>er&ul as S/a7es!eare nor so

maesticall. as Milton% 2ut in t/e s7ill o& /is >or7mans/i! an in /is >ealt/ o& iction /e &alls 2ut

little s/ort o& t/ese great masters(

c* 0is Pictorial Jualit.

In t/is res!ect% Tenn.son &ollo>s t/e e#am!le o& Heats( Nearl. all /is !oems% e$en t/e

sim!lest% a2oun in ornate escri!tion o& natural an ot/er scenes( 0is met/o is to sei,e u!on

a!!ro!riate etails% ress t/em in e#!ressi$e an musical !/rases an t/us t/ro> a glistening image

2e&ore t/e reaers e.e )8T/e Da. Dream9% 8In Memoriam9*(

Alt/oug/ t/ese $erses s/o> care o& o2ser$ation an a stuious lo$eliness o& e!it/et% t/e.

lac7 t/e intense insig/t% t/e ringing an romantic note o& t/e 2est e&&orts o& Heats(

* Tenn.sons l.rical ualit. is some>/at une$en(

T/e slig/test o& /is !ieces% li7e T/e S!lenour 3alls% are musical an attracti$e 2ut% on t/e

>/ole% /is nature >as too sel&+conscious an !er/a!s /is li&e too regular an !ros!erous% to !ro$ie

a 2ac7groun &or t/e true l.rical intensit. o& emotion( Once or t>ice% as in t/e >oner&ul -rea7%

2rea7% 2rea7 an Crossing t/e 2ar /e touc/es real greatness( Suc/ l.rics /a$e a 2re$it.% unit. an

sim!le earnestness o& emotion t/at ma7es it trul. great(

e* St.le

;4


29/70

0is t.!ical st.le s/o>s a slo>% some>/at sententious !rogress% /ea$. >it/ imaging cr. an

all t/e ot/er e$ices o& t/e !oetical artist( In !articular /e is an ae!t at concei$ing !/rases

8e>els &i$e >ors long9 as /e /imsel& a!tl. e#!resse it an /e is almost in$aria2l. /a!!. in /is

c/oice o& e!it/et(

IV. Ro,er! Bron#n' 128-2267

1( 0is Poems an 6or7s

0is &irst >or7 o& an. im!ortance is Pauline )14s $er.

strongl. t/e in&luence o& S/elle.% >/om% at t/is !erio -ro>ning /el in great re$erence(

Paracelsus )14lege

>/ic/ is 2e.on t/e gras! o& one man% 2rings to t/e &ore -ro>nings !reominant ieas t/at a li&e

>it/out lo$e must 2e a &ailure% an t/at Bo is >or7ing all t/ings to an en 2e.on /uman i$ining(

T/en -ro>ning >rote a num2er o& si# !la.s% 2ut /e lac7s t/e &unamental ualities o& a

ramatist( 0is ama,ingl. su2tle anal.sis o& c/aracter an moti$e is not aeuate &or true rama%

2ecause /e cannot re$eal c/aracter in action( 0is met/o is to ta7e a c/aracter at a moment o& crisis

an% 2. allo>ing /im to tal7% to re$eal not onl. /is !resent t/oug/ts an &eelings% 2ut also /is !ast

/istor.(

T/e $olumes Dramatic L.rics )14;* an Dramatic Romances an L.rics )14* s/o> t/is

&acult. 2eing irecte into t/e c/annel in >/ic/ it >as to ac/ie$e !er&ection t/at o& t/e ramatic

monologue( No>% at t/e /eig/t o& /is !o>ers% -ro>ning !rouce some o& /is 2est >or7 in Men

an 6omen )14* >/ic/ consists almost entirel. o& ramatic monologues( 0ere are to 2e &oun

t/e &amous 3ra Li!!o Li!!i% An E!istle Containing t/e Strange Meical E#!erience o& Hars/is/% t/e

Ara2 P/.sician% Anrea el Sarto% Cleon( Most o& t/em are >ritten in 2lan7 $erse( T/e .ear 14=

sa> t/e !u2lication o& /is last reall. great $olume% Dramatic Personae% again a collection o&

ramatic monologues(

In st.le% t/ese !oems /a$e muc/ o& t/e rugge% elli!tical ualit.% >/ic/ >as on occasion t/e

!oets o>n&all% 2ut /ere it is use >it/ a s7ill an a !o>er% >/ic/ s/o> /im at t/e $er. !innacle o&

/is ac/ie$ement(

3eatures o& /is >or7

;5


30/70

a* 0is c/oice o& su2ect

-ro>nings t/emes i$ie t/emsel$es 2roal. into t/ree grou!s: !/iloso!/ical or religious%

lo$e% an lig/ter t/emes as in t/e Pie Pi!er o& 0amelin( 0is !/iloso!/ical !oems% on >/ic/ /is

re!utation reste in /is o>n a.% all 2ear on /is central 2eli&s t/at li&e must ne$er 2e a stri$ing &or

somet/ing 2e.on one reac/% an t/at it is 8Bos tas7 to ma7e t/e /ea$enl. !erio !er&ect t/e

eart/en(9 T/e o2$ious o!timism o& 86/at I as!ire to 2e An >as not% con&orts me 8% /as 2een

resente 2. more moern critics as a &acile s/ir7ing o& li&es com!le#ities( 0is lo$e !oems are

!er/a!s /is greatest ac/ie$ement( T/e. /a$e a calm aut/enticit. o& tone(

Al>a.s% /is &irst concern >as >it/ t/e /uman soul( 0e >as !articularl. intereste in

a2normal !eo!le% an >as a2le to !roect /imsel& into t/eir mins an to la. 2are t/eir &eelings an

moti$es( Fet /is c/aracters are not o&ten com!letel. o2ecti$e% 2ecause so man. o& t/em are

mout/!ieces &or /is o>n !/iloso!/.(

0e s/o>s a &onness% too% &or out+o&+t/e+>a. /istorical settings an &or &oreign scenes%

>/ic/ at /is 2est% as in T/e -is/o! Orers 0is Tom2 are recreate >it/ a $i$i accurac.( Along

>it/ t/is interest in t/e unusual goes an o2$ious relis/ &or t/e grotesue an maca2re% >/ic/ is seen

at its most stri7ing in C/ile Rolan to t/e Dar7 To>er Came(

2* 0is st.le

-ro>nings st.le /as 2een t/e su2ect o& enless iscussion% &or it !resents a &ascinating

!ro2lem( At /is >orst% /is !oems are a series o& 2e>ilering mental acro2atics% e#!resse in a

>ill&ull. /ars/ r/.t/m $oca2ular.( At /is 2est /e can ac/ie$e a no2le ignit.% an a $er2al music as

goo as an.t/ing !rouce 2. t/at master o& melo.% Tenn.son( A2o$e all% /is $erse re&lects t/e

a2unant $italit. o& /is c/arater( 0e is a master o& sur!rising $ariet. o& metrical &orms an e#cels in

t/e mani!ulation o& r/.t/mic e&&ects(

In /is greatest >or7 e$en t/e notorious rugge angularit. o& /is !/rasing an $oca2ular. is

turne to account an !rouces a 2eauti&ul !eculiarl. o& its o>n(

c* 0is Descri!ti$e Po>er

In t/is res!ect -ro>ning i&&ers >iel. &rom Tenn.son >/o slo>l. creates a lo$el. image

2. care&ul misssing o& etail( -ro>ning cares less &or 2eaut. o& escri!tion &or its o>n sa7e( In most


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o& /is >or7 it is &oun onl. in &las/es% >/ere /e !aints t/e 2ac7groun o& /is stor. in a &e> as/ing

stro7es% or cr.stalli,es /is meaning in an image >/ose 2eaut. staggers us( 0e is &on o& stri7ing

!rimar. colours >/ic/ startle 2. t/eir $er. $i$iness% an as a !ainting o& mo$ement /e /as &e>

euals( )Cali2an u!on Sete2os: 8Fou ot/er slee7>ee7an sa.s a !lain >or 9 an Cleon:

8Cleon t/e !oet T/. li! /at/9 t/e !assages s/o> t>o $er. i&&erent e#em!les o& /is

escri!ti$e s7ill*(

T/e Dramatic Monologue

C/aracteristics

Anot/er &orm o& t/e l.ric% t/e ramatic monologue% >as 2roug/t to great /eig/ts 2. t/e

"ictorian !oet Ro2ert -ro>ning( As t/e title suggest% it is a !oem tol 2. one s!ea7er a2out a

signi&icant e$ent( Se$eral ualities e#ist in t/e &orm:

1( T/e s!ea7er re$eals in /is/er o>n >ors some ramatic situation in >/ic/ /es/e is

in$ol$e(

;( T/e s!ea7er emonstrates /is/er c/aracter t/roug/ t/e !oem(

/o oes not engage in ialogue 2ut /el!s to e$elo! t/e

s!eec/(

6e enter t/e !s.c/e o& t/e s!ea7er% an t/e s7il&ul !oet ma7es muc/ o& /is/er o>n nature%

attitues% an circumstances a$aila2le in >ors to t/e reaer >/o iscerns t/e im!lications o& t/e

!oem(

T/e ramatic monologue i&&ers &rom a solilou. in a !la. in t/at% in rama% time an !lace are

e$elo!e 2e&ore t/e c/aracter ascens t/e stage alone to ma7e /is/er remar7s% >/ereas t/e

ramatic monologue 2. itsel& esta2lis/es time% !lace% an c/aracter(

3ra Li!!o Li!!i

A ramatic monologue in 2lan7 $erse% is one o& t/e !oems% >/ic/ is!la.s -ro>nings

immersion in t/e ci$ilisation o& t/e Renaissance( -ro>ning esta2lis/es t/e atmos!/ere o& /is !oem

2. !lacing /is s!ea7er% t/e 3lorentine !ainter an mon7% 3ili!!o Li!!i% on t/e !a$ement outsie t/e

Meici+Riccaris !alace% /a$ing /im re&er to t/e altar!iece /e is !ainting &or Cosimo e Meici% to

t/e c/urc/es o& t/e Carmine an San Loren,o an to numerous intimate &eatures o& t/e li&e o& t/e

time( -ro>ning re> most o& /is material &or /is !oem &rom t/e account o& 3ra Li!!o in Biorgio


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"asaris Li$es o& t/e Painters% 2ut /is !erson is uite i&&erent 2ot/ &rom "asaris !ortrait an &rom

t/e /istorical &igure( As -ro>ningss 3ra Li!!o s!ea7s to t/e >atc/men >/o /a$e interce!te /im

on /is return &rom a nig/t o& re$elr. in isre!uta2le com!an.% /e e#/i2its a c/aracter largel.

in$ente 2. t/e !oet /imsel& an /is !/iloso!/. o& art ec/oes -ro>nings $ie>s( -ro>ning !laces

3ra Li!!o as a realist >/o i$erge &rom t/e religious iealism o& t/e earlier !ainters% $er. muc/ as

-ro>nings !oetr. i$erge &rom Romantic an "ictorian con$entions(

In e#!laining /imsel& to t/e >atc/men% 3ra Li!!o s/o>s t/at /e is an eart/.% /onest &ello>%

>/ose attraction to t/e !leasures o& t/e &les/ is !art o& a general elig/t >it/ t/e >orl t/at leas

/im to e!ict it realisticall. in /is !ainting( 0is o. is so irre!ressi2le t/at /e occasionall. interru!ts

/imsel& to sing &ol7 songs( 0is account o& t/e or!/ane c/il/oo% >/ic/ le /im to 2ecome a 7een

o2ser$er% an o& /is &irst !aintings% >/ic/ !ortra.e t/e scenes an !eo!le o& t/e neig/2our/oo% is

&ull o& remar7a2le !articulars t/at con$e. $i$i glim!ses o& li&e in Renaissance 3lorence( T/e mon7

2egins 2. amitting t/at /is esca!aes are ue to >ea7ness o& >ill% 2ut t/is grauall. c/anges to a

mo$e o& sel&+usti&ication as /e e#!ress /is real $ie>s( T/e c/urc/ aut/orities /a$e critici,e /is

!aintings 2ecause t/e. o not e#!ress religious &eeling% sa.ing t/at t/e. re!resent a ecline &rom t/e

>or7 o& 3ra Angelico an Loren,o Monaco( -ut 3ra Li!!o e&ens /is realism 2. eclaring t/at

ta7ing !leasure in t/e $isi2le >orl is a >a. o& >ors/i!!ing t/e Bo >/o mae it( 0e sa.s /is

esca!aes are a &orm o& !rotest against /.!ocritical !ro/i2itions% against ta7ing li&e as it is% an t/at

it is t/e !ainters mission to call attention to sig/ts t/at ot/ers o$erloo7: 8Art >as gi$en &or t/at:

Bo uses us to /el! eac/ ot/er so 9

Ne$ert/eless% 3ra Li!!o is reluctant to &lout aut/orit.% &eels t/at /e /as sai too muc/% !romises

to 8ma7e amens9 &or /is &aults 2. !ainting a !icture &or t/e nuns o& a near2. c/urc/% an closes /is

monologue 2. imagining t/at i& /e s/oul a!!ear in t/e com!an. o& $irtous !eo!le% /e >ill 2e

e&ene 2. t/e !rett. girl >/o /as moele t/e &igure o& Saint Luc. in /is !ainting( T/e !icture /e

!lans to !aint is Li!!is 8Coronation o& t/e "irgin9 >/ic/ is escri2e in some etails% not all o& it

accurate( -ro>ning sa> it in 3lorence% 2ut it is also em!/asi,e in an account o& Li!!is li&e in

3illi!!o -alinuccis Noti,ie e Pro&essori el Disegno% one o& -ro>nings sources o& ins!iration

a2out !ainters(

In t/is !oem -ro>ning /as !resente a remar7a2l. $i$i !ortrait o& a $igurous% ine!enent

!ersonalit. >/ose con$inctions a2out li&es $alues com!el /im to c/allenge t/e isci!line o& t/e

c/urc/( On one le$el% t/e con&lict is an o!!osition o& !rinci!le 2et>een ini$iual li2ert. an

institutional con&ormit.% 2ut on anot/er% it is sim!l. a case in >/ic/ a man /as 2een &orce into an


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unsuita2le role in li&e( As 3ra Li!!o sa.s: 8 on s/oul not ta7e a &ello> eig/t .ear ol An ma7e

/im s>ear to ne$er 7iss t/e girls9(

V. Ger$rd M$n%e9 or7 >as not generall. a$aila2le

until 1514 >/en /is &rien -riges !u2lis/e a slim $olume o& !oems collecte &rom /is letters an

manuscri!ts( -ut &or -riges% it is li7el. t/at t/is &ine !oetr.% >/ic/ /as e#ercise a great in&luence

on later !oets% >oul ne$er /a$e 2een 7no>n( 0o!7ins% a con$erte in /is t>ent.+secon .ear to

Cat/olicism% is not onl. t/e &irst reall. great religious !oet in Englis/ since Milton% 2ut also% /e >as

t/e creator o& an original !oetic meium% so muc/ /is o>n t/at a maor moern critic /as ou2te

>/et/er it can e$er 2e use 2. anot/er >riter( No )moern* !oet /as 2een t/e centre o& more

contro$ers. or t/e cause o& more misunerstaning(

In 14?% >/en /is long training as a esuit >as reac/ing its en% /e 2ro7e /is sel&+im!ose

silence >it/ T/e 6rec7 o& t/e 8Deutsc/lan9% a great oe occasione 2. t/e sin7ing in a storm o&

t/e 8Deutsc/lan9% >/ic/ /a on 2oar &i$e nuns% re&ugees &rom religious !ersecution( T/e !oem is

>ier in sco!e t/an t/e title suggests( It contains t/e cr.stallise religious e#!erience o& /is se$en

.ears !oetic silence% an /as consiera2le auto2iogra!/ical signi&icance(

In its eig/t+line stan,as t/e t.!ical 0o!7ins tec/niue is seen &or t/e &irst time( S!rung+

r/.t/m% counter!oint+r/.t/m% alliteration% assonance% internal r/.t/m% coinages an unort/oo#

s.nta# gi$e to t/e !oem a re$olutionar. a!!earance% >/ic/ le t/e eitor o& t/e esuit organ to

re&use to !rint it a&ter originall. acce!ting it( -ut% i& it is i&&icult in t/oug/t an uncon$entional in

tec/niue% it is &ull o& 2rilliant !assages an /as an artistic an emotional unit. o& t/e /ig/est orer(

0o!7ins continue to >rite !oetr. until t/e en o& /is li&e% t/oug/ /is out!ut >as $er. small(

3rom 14? on>ar /is >riting >as e#clusi$el. religious% an t/e ecstatic eno.ment o& nature%

&oun in t/e sonnets o& /is earl. maturit. is a sacramental e#!erience( Nature is a mani&estation o&

t/e 2eaut. o& Bo% a call to !raise( T/roug/ /is !erio o& !riest/oo a gro>ing concern >it/ man is

!erce!ti2le( T/e e$ils o& t/e inustrial s.stem /e sa> as mans &alling+o&& &rom Bo% /is reection o&

t/e grace >on &or /im 2. C/rist( 3eli# Ranal is t.!ical o& /is >arm s.m!at/. >it/ men an /is

concern >it/ t/eir souls( -ut t/e ee!est an most intensel. !ersonal o& /is !oems 2elong to /is


34/70

Du2lin !erio )144+144*( In t/eir !assionate% irect sim!licit. t/e. stan a!art &rom most o&

0o!7ins >or7% an t/e. /a$e 2een escri2e as /is greatest !oems( 0is e&iant re&usal to ca!itulate

to t/is es!air is to 2e seen in Carrion Com&ort(

3eatures o& /is !oetr.

a* 0is lo$e o& nature

A sensuous lo$e o& nature% 2ase on minute o2ser$ation% is &oun in most o& 0o!7ins !oems

es!eciall. 2e&ore 14?4( 0is earl. struggle to reconcile /is o2$ious eno.ment o& natural 2eaut. >it/

t/e ascetic li&e% t/e esuit resol$e in /is sacramental $ie> o& natural 2eaut.( 0is great elig/t la. in

t/e isco$er. o& t/e insca!e% or inner !attern% >/ic/ ga$e to eac/ t/ing its istincti$e 2eaut.( 0is

&eelings at t/e !erce!tion o& t/is insca!e /e escri2e 2. t/e term instress(

2* 0is Use o& Language

One o& 0o!7ins most o2$ious iios.ncrasies is in /is c/oice an use o& language( 0e

2elie$e t/at !oetr. calle &or a language istinct &rom t/at o& !rose% a language ric/ in suggestion

2ot/ to t/e senses an t/e intellect( 0is $oca2ular. is ra>n &rom man. sources% arc/aic% collouial%

an ialect >ors all 2eing use( 0e /a a !articular &onness &or com!ose e!it/ets suc/ as 8ro!+

o&+2loo+an+&oam+a!!le+c/err.9 an &or e$ocati$e coinages( A &ull a!!reciation o& a >or ma.

>ell eman o& t/e reaer 7no>lege o& its eri$ation( At times t/e result is o2scurit. an t/is is

increase 2. /is eli2erate istortion o& normal s.nta#% eit/er to com!el t/e reaers attention% or to

gi$e to 7e. >ors t/e stress t/e. eser$e( -ut% >/ate$er t/e i&&iculties arising &rom $oca2ular.%

s.nta#% or com!ression o& t/oug/t% 0o!7ins is al>a.s !recise in /is use o& >ors an /is !oetr. /as

t/e muscular $italit. o& e#!ression o& t/e true S/a7es!earean traition(

c* 0is R/.t/mic Patterns

0o!7ins most im!ortant e#!eriment is >it/ s!rung r/.t/m% >/ic/ a!!eare &irst in T/e

6rec7 o& t/e 8Deutsc/lan9 an is 2ase on t/e irregular $erse o& Samson Agonistes( T/e 2asic

!rinci!le o& t/is attem!t to 2rea7 a>a. &rom strictl. con$entional !atterns is t/at eac/ &oot contains

one stress% !ossi2l.% 2ut not necessaril.% &ollo>e 2. an. num2er o& unstresse s.lla2les( 0o!7ins

&elt it to 2e 8T/e least &orce% t/e most r/etorical an em!/atic o& all !ossi2le r/.t/ms(9


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Counter!oint r/.t/m is t/e use in t>o consecuti$e &eet o& a re$ersal o& t/e !reominant

r/.t/m o& a line( E$er. r/.t/mic e&&ect in 0o!7ins is a result o& care&ul an eli2erate

>or7mans/i!% an so im!ortant i /e consier a true unerstaning o& /is intentions t/at /is

manuscri!ts ma7e use o& some t>ent. s.m2ols% rat/er li7e t/ose o& a musical score( Un&ortunatel.%

/e >as not consistent in t/e use o& t/ese s.m2ols% an% to a$oi con&usion% -riges omitte &rom t/e

1514 eition all 2ut t/e most $ital(

A&ter T/e 6rec7 o& t/e 8Deutsc/lan9 /e e$ote muc/ time to t.!icall. ini$iual

moi&ications o& t/e sonnet &orm% >/ic/ /e use >it/ t/e greatest &reeom( A 2rie& summar. can o

no more t/an inicate t/e nature o& 0o!7insK e#!eriments% 2ut it is im!ortant to a t/at t/e &ull

im!ort o& r/.t/m in /is !oetr. can onl. 2e gat/ere i& it is rea alou a&ter close an elicatel.

sensiti$e stu. o& its orc/estration(

* 0is imager.

It is remar7a2le &or its ric/ness( 0is a!!reciation o& nature% /is reaing o& t/e great Englis/

!oets% !articularl. S/a7es!eare% an o& t/e -i2le are e$ient(

O&ten /e s/o>s t/at 2len o& t/e emotional an intellectual >/ic/ istinguis/es t/e !oetr. o&

t/e 1?t/centur. meta!/.sicals( -ut% /o>e$er t/eir sources an a&&inities% t/e images o& /is !oetr.

are istincti$el. /is o>n al>a.s !recise an $itall. illuminating% usuall. 2rie&l. e#!resse% an

o&ten suggesting more t/an one !ossi2le inter!retation(

T/e 6rec7 o& t/e 8Deutc/lan9 )14?+14?=*

On t/ o& Decem2er 14? a transatlantic steams/i! le&t -remen in Berman. carr.ing

emigrants &or Ne> For7( Dri$en o&& course 2. 2a >eat/er% T/e Deutc/lan &ounere in t/e

treac/erous s/oals o& t/e outermost reac/es o& t/e T/ames estuar.( Rescue i not come &or /ic/ time man. /a ro>ne( 83i$e Berman Nuns clas!e /ans an >ere ro>ne

toget/er% t/e c/ie& sister% a gaunt >oman = &t( /ig/% calling out loul. an o&ten% 8O/ C/rist% come

uic7l. till t/e en came9% as t/e Times re!orte(

T/ese e$ents occasione t/e most am2itious o& B((M( 0o!7ins com!lete !oems an t/e

&irst com!osition o& /is !oetic maturit. >ritten to 2rea7 a sel&+im!ose a2stention >/ic/ /a laste

since /e /a oine t/e esuits se$en .ears earlier( -ut t/e. are not t/e !oems >/ole su2ect% &or as

0o!7ins >rote 8T/e 8Deutsc/lan9 >oul 2e more generall. interesting i& t/ose >ere more >rec7


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an less iscourse I 7no>% 2ut still it is an oe an not !rimaril. a narrati$e(9 T/e !oems 2usiness

in t/e true conition o& t/e oe% is t/at o& l.rical meitation or re&lection on a large issue(

Part t/e 3irst o& t/e !oem sa.s not/ing o& t/e s/i!>rec7% instea ealing auto2iogra!/icall.

>it/ 0o!7ins o>n relations >it/ Bo an escri2ing an uns!eci&ie s!iritual e#!erience >/ic/%

t/oug/ /arro>ing% >as ultimatel. com&orting( In em!/asising t/at Bo is 2ot/ estructi$e an

merci&ul 8T/ou are lig/ting an lo$e% I &oun it% a >inter an >arm9 0o!7ins set &ort/ t/e

attitue >/ic/ is to go$ern /is res!onse to t/e s/i!>rec7% too( Li7e>ise t/e i&&icult !assage &rom

stan,as = to 4 t/oug/ o!en to muc/ t/eological e2ate a2out Duns Scotus t/eor. o& t/e Incarnation%

&inall. seems to stress Bos !er!etual !resence in t/e >orl% somet/ing >/ic/ t/e ro>ning nun

>ill also call u!on( In t/ese res!ects t/e !oem is a t/eoic. attem!ting to usti&. Bos >a.s( T/e

attem!t >as !ressing &or 0o!7ins as a &er$i !atriot% &or /is co+religionists /a 2een le&t to ie 2.

t/e !eo!le o& /is o>n countr.(

Deat/ s!ea7s t/e &irst >ors o& Part t/e Secon% &or 0o!7ins oes not inten it to /a$e t/e

last( T/e escri!tion o& t/e s/i!>rec7 >/ic/ &ollo>s o&&ers sco!e &or some o& 0o!7ins most

e#u2erant linguistic e&&ects( 3rom stan,a 1?% t/e entire secon /al& o& t/e !oem concerns itsel& eit/er

>it/ t/e meaning o& t/e tall nuns >ors an actions% or >it/ t/e t/oug/ts >/ic/ t/e. !ro$o7e in t/e

!oet( 3or /im in turn 8>ors 2rea79 &ort/ suggesting t/at 2ot/ nun an !oet are &aintl. ec/oing in

t/eir o>n >a. t/e all+creating 6or o& Bo( ust as t/e tall nun is !raise &or /er !o>er to 8rea9

an 8>or9 correctl. t/e meaning conceale in t/e 8uns/a!a2le s/oc7 nig/t9% so% too% 0o!7ins

reas an inter!rets using >ors >/ic/ enote signs% suc/ as 8ci!/er9% 8mar79% 8stigma9% 8signal9%

8to7en9% 8lettering9(

T/e !oem is concerne >it/ t/e construction o& meaning its su2ect is not so muc/ t/e

>rec7 2ut t/e meaning o& t/e >rec7% an t/at meaning is not >aiting% &i#e an un!ro2lematic%

>it/in t/e stor. o& t/e >rec7% 2ut /as to 2e soug/t% an !rouce 2. inter!retation(

Some contro$ers. in recent .ears /as centere on stan,a ;4% &ollo>ing Elisa2et/ Sc/neiers

suggestion t/at 0o!7ins is /ere claiming a miracle% t/at C/rist actuall. a!!eare on eart/ in

res!onse to t/e nuns cr.( Rat/er it seems t/e latter !art o& t/e !oem eals >it/ &er$ent /o!es an

>is/es% not >it/ &acts% nor >it/ claims a2out an. !articular actions o& C/rist( T/e signi&icant $er2s

near t/e en are in t/e im!erati$e% not t/e inicati$e: 8Let /im riein /is trium!/9 8 Let /im

easter in us%9 e#!ressing 0o!7ins >is/ to see C/rist re2orn in !eo!les /earts an acti$el. ruling

/is 7ingom t/ere( -ut t/is an muc/ else remains o!en to e2ate(

T/is >as t/e !oem in >/ic/ 0o!7ins &irst !ut into !ractice /is t/eories on S!rung R/.t/m%

t/e essence o& >/ic/ is to 2rea7 &ree &rom t/e t.rann. o& 8alternating9 r/.t/m 2. counting stresses


37/70

in a line% as /e !ut it uoting &rom stan,a ; 8>/.% i& it is &orci2le in !rose to sa. las/e: ro% am I

o2lige to >ea7en t/is in $erse% >/ic/ oug/t to 2e stronger% not >ea7er% into las/e 2irc/+ro or

somet/ing9 -ut t/e !oem also is!la.s as man. ot/er raical tec/niues as /e coul cram in% suc/

as c.ng/ane )consonant+c/ime% &ollo>ing strict rules &rom 6els/ moels* an ela2orate stan,aic

!attern r/.mes >/ic/ >ra! across line+2rea7s an s.nta# >/ic/ is o&ten muscle+2on( All o& t/is

leas to a $er2al te#ture% >/ic/ is intense% energetic% an ric/% as /e coul ma7e it% e$en i& t/e !lain

sense sometimes gets t/e >orst o& it(

8T/e 6rec7 o& t/e Deutsc/lan9 is a ecaent >or7 in t/e sense t/at &orm an language% at

least at &irst sig/t% seem to out>eig/ content an meaning( In t/e en% t/oug/% !articularl. in t/e

more t/eological !assages% t/e !oems meanings are &ar &rom sim!le% single% or eas.( T/e !arao# is

t/at suc/ an acutel. aest/etic sensi2ilit. as 0o!7ins >as also >ee to t/e iea t/at t/ere >ere

inee a2solute meanings an su!reme trut/s cr.ing out to 2e e#!resse(

Neeless to sa.% it >as all too muc/ &or contem!orar. taste( T/e !oem >as reecte &rom

!u2lication li7e muc/ o& 0o!7ins >or7 it i not a!!ear until 1514 an it i not attract >ie

attention until t/e rise o& t/e Ne> Critics% to >/om it seeme moern rat/er t/an "ictorian% an to

>/ose moral an anal.tical assum!tions it !ro$e !articularl. a!t(

"I( NOVELISTS

C0$r%e D#c=en 128 - 2?47

T/e greatness o& C/arles Dic7ens is o& a !eculiar 7in( 0e >as% at t/e same time% t/e great

!o!ular entertainer an t/e great artist% /is greatness an /is !o!ular a!!eal 2eing inse!ara2le( T/e

reasons &or t/is lie ee! in t/e mans nature( 0e >as a 2orn orator an actor( 0is li&elong ent/usiasm

&or amateur ramatics an t/e maniacal intensit. >it/ >/ic/ /e rea alou /is o>n >or7s >ere 2ot/

signi&icant( 0e >as ne$er a !ure artist( Li7e a great !olitical orator% /e re> strengt/ &rom /isauience /e elig/te to !lease t/em% /e acce!te t/e $aliit. o& t/eir ugement(

So% Dic7ens >as in man. res!ects t/e orinar. Englis/ man o& t/e mile class trans&orme

2. a uniue unre!eata2le genius( In /is o>n !erson /e &ul&ille an e#em!li&ie man. ominant

m.t/s o& t/e mi+15t/centur.( 0e >as a sel&+mae man% li7e t/e /eroes o& t/e immensel. !o!ular

an in&luential Samuel Smiles( 6it/out !ro!er eucation% >it/out a lo$ing an secure /ome% /e /a

mae /imsel& a /ouse/ol name 2. t/e time /e >as in /is earl. t>enties( In an age more nota2le

!er/a!s t/an an. ot/er &or ee! &eeling a2out c/il/oo% /e /a 2een a reecte c/il% &orce to &in

/is o>n logings an earn /is o>n li$ing 2. t/e time /e >as 1@ .ears ol(


38/70

T/en /e >as t.!ical o& /is great mile+class !u2lic in 2eing a !ractical man o& t/e >orl%

not !articularl. 2oo7is/% >it/ a ou2le s/are o& t/e e#traorinar. e#u2erant energ. an /umour o&

t/at e#!ansi$e age( Li7e /is !u2lic /e >as a 2it o& a !/ilistine /is $ie>s on art >ere muc/ nearer to

t/ose o& t/e cro>s t/an t/e. >ere to t/ose o& o/n Rus7in(

Li7e /is !u2lic% too% /e >as intereste in re&orm( Li7e t/em% /e >as $er. certain t/at re&orm

s/oul >or7 in t/e irection o& reucing aristocratic !ri$ilege li7e t/em% /e >as muc/ more

u2ious a2out e#tening mile+class !ri$ileges to t/ose lo>er o>n( Li7e t/em /e >as $er. 7een

on a strong !olice &orce an t/e !re$ention o& crime an li7e t/em /e too7 an un/ol. elig/t in t/e

2reat/less rama o& a murer stor.( Li7e ot/er !o!ular >riters /e >as ee!l. meloramatic% 2ut

t/ere >as not/ing c.nical or calculating in t/is( In e#!ressing t/eir as!irations% &ears an !reuices

/e >as sim!l. e#!ressing /imsel&(

Dic7ens >as a man o& o2sessions% >/ic/ can 2e trace all t/roug/ /is >or7( 0e >as /aunte

2. t/e iea o& thelonely child% 2ecause /e /a 2een one( 0e >as /aunte 2. t/e iea o& the $rison

2ecause /is &at/er /a 2een in t/e e2tors !rison( 0e >as ee!l. o2sesse 2. t/e t/oug/t o&

violence( T/ese t/emes occur constantl.% 2ut t/is oes not ma7e /is >or7 re!etiti$e( 0is

e$elo!ment consists !artl. in t/e !er!etual ee!ening o& t/ese t/emes( T/e !rison o& Pick0ick

Pa$ersis t/e same e2tors !rison as t/e one inLittle Dorrit)an t/e same in >/ic/ /is o>n &at/er

>as con&ine*% 2ut as literar. e#!eriences t/e t>o coul /arl. 2e more i&&erent% an t/e latter one

is immensel. t/e more 2rilliant an !ro&oun( Occasionall.% t>o o& /is o2sessions meet in t/e same

!assage% suc/ as t/e 2urning o& t/e !rison 2. t/e mo2 in &arna(y -udge1$rison and violence* or

t/e e#clusion o& Dorrit at nig/t &rom /er onl. /ome% t/e !arshalsea $rison 1$rison and lonely

child* an suc/ !assages o&ten /a$e a !articularl. intense !o>er or !at/os(

-alancing t/is constant recurrence o& t/e same &acts an ieas% >e /a$e /is e#traorinar.

in$enti$eness% $ariet.% an master. o& signi&icant etail( 0is >orl is &uller an ric/er t/an ot/er

no$elists >orls( 0is imagination &ins !oetr.% /umour% an signi&icance in t/e most orinar.

t/ings( T/at !/.sicall. &ilt/. "ictorian Lonon% >/ic/ struc7 intelligent &oreign $isitors as almost a

/ell on eart/% >as /is natural /ome as man an artist( 0e re> strengt/ an ins!ira

an2sem1_olaru

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