part 2 geografie politica

ELEMENTE DE GEOGRAFIE POLITICAPart 2

• limitele teritoriului de stat

GRANITELE (frontierele)

• Granite naturale

• Granite conventionale

• -Suprafata Terrei: 510 072 000 kmp din care

– uscat:148,94 mil kmp (29,2%)

– apa: 361 132 kmp( 70,8%)

• -Lungimea granitelor pe uscat: – 250 708 km

• 2 state se invecineaza fiecare cu cate 14 state: – China si Rusia

• -44 state si teritorii nu au iesire la mare

• 94 state si teritorii sunt insule si nu se invecineaza cu niciun alt stat (decat la nivelul apelor teritoriale):

• American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan

• Granite naturale• obstacole naturale

intre state• au, in general, un

traseu sinuos

• rauri, • fluvii, • lacuri,• fasii maritime;• creste muntoase

GRANITE CONVENTIONALE

• Stabilite intre state in doua moduri:– de comun acord, prin

negocieri si tratate internationale

– Impuse cu forta in urma unor conflicte intre state

• se traseaza pe harti si apoi pe

• Au traseu: – Sinuos (linii curbe)– Rectiliniu:de-a lungul

paralelelor si/sau meridianelor

– de linii frante

STATELE CU CELE MAI LUNGI GRANITE:

China 13,759 miles Russia 12,514 miles Brazil 9,129 miles India 8,763 miles USA 7,611 miles Democratic Republic of Congo 6,382 miles Argentina 6,006 miles Canada 5,526 miles Mongolia 5,042 miles Sudan 4,783 miles

• Cea mai lunga frontiera intre 2 state:

• Canada - SUA , 8.893 km (nepazita), de-a lungul paralelei de 490 lat N

• Rusia: 57 000 km de granita cu 14 tari diferite:

• Coreea de Nord, • China, • Mongolia,• Kazakhstan,• Azerbaijan,• Georgia, • Ucraina, • Belarus, • Letonia, • Estonia, • Finlanda, • Norvegia, • Lituania, • Polonia

    Romania2,508 km

    Bulgaria: 608 km     Hungary: 443 km     Moldova: 450 km     Serbia: 476 km     Ukraine : 531 km

• Pozitia geografica si traseul frontierelor determina forma statelor;

• State alungite in lungul unor lanturi muntoase sau tarmuri: Chile, Argrntina, Somalia, Nepal

• State extinse de-a lungul unor zone climatice: Rusia, Canada, SUA,

• State cu forma cvasicirculara: Romania

• State cu forma poligonala: Franta• State cu forma suprapusa unor bazine

hidrografice:Venezuela, Pakistan• State -continent: Australia• State –peninsula: India, Turcia• State- insula: Madagascar, Islanda,

Nauru• State-arhipelag: Indonezia, UK• State continental-insulare: Grecia,

Italia, Danemarca• State enclava; Leshoto, Swaziland

Clasificarea statelor dupa marimea teritoriului

• Statele ocupa supr.diferite pe cont. si insule.

• SINGURUL continent neteritorializat (fara state) este ANTARCTICA

• Marimea teritoriului influenteaza: – evolutia si dezv. ec. si

soc. a statelor,– organizarea

administrativa, – repartitia geografica si

densitatea populatiei,– sistemul de cai de

comunicatii si transporturi, etc.

• Cu cat e mai extins un stat are o mai mare varietate de cond. si resurse

• 1.) state cu dimensiuni continentale, >7 mil km2 )

• impreuna, ocupa 42% din suprafata uscatului Terrei

Rank

Country Total Area (km2) Coastline (km)

1. Federatia Rusa 17,075,000 37,650

2. Canada 9,985,000 202,080

3. China 9,634,000 16,840

4. USA 9,631,400 19,920

5. Brazil 8,512,000 7,490

6. Australia 7,686,850 25,760

• 2.) state f. mari (1-3 mil km2)

Rank

Country Total Area (km2) Coastline (km)

7. India 3,287,600 7,000

8. Argentina 2,760,000 4,900

9. Kazakhstan 2,717,300 0

10.

11

12

13

Sudan

Algeria

R D Congo

Arabia SauditaMexicIndoneziaLybiaIranMongoliaPeruChadNigerAngolaMaliR S AColumbiaEtiopiaBoliviaMauritaniaEgipt

2,505,000

2 149 6901 964 375

1 002 000

850

• 3.) state mari (500 km2 - 1 mil

km2)

• Tanzania• Nigeria• Venezuela• Namibia• Mozambic• Pakistan• Turcia• Chile• Zambia• Myanmar• Afganistan• Somalia• Franta• R. Central Africana• Ucraina• Madagascar• Botswana• Kenia• Yemen• Thailanda• Spania

• 4. state mijlocii

(500 km2 -100 000 km2

55 state, inclusiv Romania

• Ex: Turkmenistan 488 100 km2

• Islanda 103 000 km2

• 4. state mici

(10 000 - 100 000 km2)

• Ex:• Corea: 99 678 km2

• Liban: 10 452 km2

• 5. state f. mici

(<10 000 km2)1 Vatican: 0,44 km2 ;

1000 loc.2 Monaco: 1,95 km2 ;

32 000loc3 San Marino:

60,57km2 ; 30 000 loc

4 Liechtenstein: 160km2 ; 30 000loc

5 Andorra: 430 km2 ; 70 000 loc

Componenta demografica

POPULATIA CU TOATE CARACTERISTICILE EI GEOEMOGRAFICE

• NATIUNEA• forma istorica de

comunitate umana, caract. prin unitatea de:

• teritoriu• limba• viata sociala• cultura si civilizatie

No.

Country Population

1. China 1,347,380,882

2. India 1,184,130,123

3. United States 310,207,441

4. Indonesia 243,001,006

5. Brazil 201,122,152

6. Pakistan 179,674,399

7. Bangladesh 158,067,060

8. Nigeria 152,198,748

9. Russia 139,387,254

10 Japan 126,835,958

Statele cel mai putin populate

• 1. Vatican City – Europa – 826 loc• 2. Tuvalu – Pacific – 12 373• 3. Nauru – Pacific – 14 019 • 4. Palau – Pacific – 20 000• 5. San Marino – Europa – 30,167• 6. Monaco – Europa – 32 9657. • 7.Liechtenstein – Europa – 35 446• 8. Saint Kitts and Nevis – Caribbean- 52 000• 9. Marshall Islands – Pacific –62 000• 10. Dominica – Caribbean – 72 660

3.componenta politico- administrativa

-Forma de guvernamant

-Regimul politic

-

Forma de organizare interna

Clasificarea statelor dupaforma de guvernamant

Iordania

Kuwait

Spania

• FORMA DE GUVERNAMANT

• Monarhie• Republica

MONARHIILE

• Monarhii constitutionale

• Monarhii absolute

• SUVERANUL/MONARHUL:

• Imparat (Japonia)

• Rege (UK,Spania, Suedia, Arabia Saudita,

Iordania, Lesotho,

Sultan (Brunei, Oman) Emir (Kuwait, Oman, EAU)

Print (Monaco, Liechetenstein)Mare Duce (Luxemburg)

monarchy    Commonwealth

realm (state foste sau actuale teritorii dependente de coroana britanica)

     -constitutional

monarchy     -Absolute monarchy     -Monarchy in some

subnational entities

• MONARHII ABSOLUTE

• Brunei · • Saudi Arabia·• Swaziland · • Vatican

• MONARHII CONSTITUTIONALE

• Italics red indicate Commonwealth realms, of which the monarch of the United Kingdom is Head of State.

• Antigua and Barbuda · Australia · Andorra · Bahamas · Bahrain · Barbados · Belize · Belgium · Bhutan · Cambodia · Canada · Denmark · Grenada · Jamaica · Japan · Jordan · Kuwait · Liechtenstein · Lesotho · Luxembourg · Malaysia · Monaco · Morocco · Netherlands · New Zealand · Norway · Oman · Papua New Guinea · Qatar · Spain · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Solomon Islands · Sweden · Thailand · Tonga · Tuvalu · United Arab Emirates · United Kingdom

• MONARHII ELECTIVE

• Andorra ·• Cambodgia · • Kuwait · • Malaysia ·• Swaziland  · • Vatican

• Subnationale (provincii/regiuni in cadrul unor state)

– Ghana• Ashanti · • Dagbon

– Uganda• Ankole · • Buganda · • Bunyoro · • Busoga · • Toro

REPUBLICILE

• republici • prezidentiale• parlamentare

red - presidential republics, full presidential system green - presidential republics, executive presidency linked to a parliamentolive - presidential republics, semi-presidential system orange – parliamentary republics brown - republics whose constitutions grant only a single party the right to govern

REGIMUL POLITIC

• Regimul politic • State cu regim politic democratic– Alegeri libere– Pluripartitism– Drepturi si libertati

cetatenesti– Stat de drept

• State cu regim politic autoritar/dictatorial– Partid unic– Limitarea/nerespectarea

drepturilor si libertatilor cetatenesti

• CLASIF. ST DUPA ORGANIZAREA AD-TIVA INTERNA

• STATE UNITARE• STATE FEDERATIVE(

FEDERATII)

• STATELE UNITARE• Unitatile ad-tive au o

autonomie mai redusa, ele se subordoneaza guvernului central

• Legislatia nationala este valabila si obligatorie peste tot

• STATELE FEDERALE• FEDERATII- stat format

prin asocierea a 2 sau mai multe state care au un statut egal in cadrul acesteia

• Sunt autonome• Au organizare, legislatie

si conducere proprie• Se supun atat legislatiei

federale cat si celei proprii

SUACanadaAustraliaGermaniaFederatia RusaElvetiaMexic

IndiaMalaysiaNigeria

State federaleexemple

CLASIFICAREA STATELOR

DUPA GRADUL DE DEZVOLTARE ECONOMICA

•Valoarea PIB/tara;loc•Consumul de energie•Valoarea exporturilor

1. STATE PUTERNIC DEZVOLTATE

•Forta financiara si tehnologica

•Pozitii cheie in economia mondiala

•Controleaza comertul mondial

2. STATE RECENT INDUSTRIALIZATE(emergente)

•Tari cu potential natural si uman important, care au investit, in ultimele decenii, mari resurse financiare in dezvoltarea tehologica si industriala

3.TARI IN DEZVOLTARE

•State de pe toate cont care fac eforturi importante pentru dezvoltarea economica

GLOBALIZAREAGLOBALIZAREA