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    BRONZE AGE CRAFTS AND CRAFTSMENIN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

    Proceedings of the International Colloquiumfrom Trgu Mure

    57 October 2012

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    B I B L I O T H E C A M V S E I M A R I S I E N S I SSERIA ARCHAEOLOGICA

    VI

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUMSFROM TRGU MURE

    EditorSNDOR BERECKI

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    Bronze Age Crafts and Craftsmenin the Carpathian Basin

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM

    FROM TRGU MURE

    57 October 2012

    Edited byBOTOND REZI

    RITA E. NMETHSNDOR BERECKI

    Editura MEGATrgu Mure2013

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    Mure County Museum, 2013Executive editor: Zoltn Sos, Director

    M J MCP 85, str. Mrti nr. 8A, 540328

    rgu Mure, Romnia

    E M | www.edituramega.roe-mail: [email protected]

    ISBN 978-606-543-407-3

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    Contents

    Preface 7

    Klra P. FISCHLViktria KISS Gabriella KULCSRSpecialised Households in the Carpathian Basin during the Early and Middle Bronze Age 9

    Aleksandar KAPURANAleksandar BULATOVIBird Images on Serbian Bronze Age Ceramics 23

    Neculai BOLOHANOn Clay and Pots in the Middle Bronze Age. A Case Study from SiliteaPe Cetuie, Neam County 33

    T. Gabriella NMETHAngaben zum sptbronzezeitlichen Salzverkehr 57

    Daria Lonjak DIZDARA Middle Bronze Age Metallurgical Workshop in Vinkovici 65

    Gbor SNTAMetal Analysis o Koszider and umulus Culture Bronzes: Contents, Similarities and theQuestion o Source Area 77

    Wolfgang DAVIDEine mit Spiralhakenranken verzierte altbronzezeitliche Nackenkammaxt siebenbrgischen ypsaus Sdwestbhmen. Wo wurden die Schaflochxte vom yp ApaNehoiu hergestellt? 91

    Bianka NESSELTe Absence o Smiths and Founders Why ools are Rare in Bronze Age Burials 139

    Mario GAVRANOVIUrnenelderzeitliche Gussormen aus dem Westlichen Balkan 149

    Zoltn CZAJLIKLokaler, regionaler oder Fernhandel? Probleme der sptbronzezeitlichen Metallversorgung am

    VelemSt. Veit Berg(Westungarn) 167

    Gbor ILONDas II. Buckelpaar des Goldschatzes von St. Veit bei Velem 181

    Oliver DIETRICHLaura DIETRICHllenhmmer als unktionale Bestandteile von Depotunden des Karpatenbeckens. Das Beispielplnaca II 191

    Liviu MARTANew Data on the Practice o Metallurgy in the Upper isza Basin in the Late Bronze Age 207

    Carol KACSBeitrge zur Kenntnis des bronzezeitlichen Metallhandwerks in der Maramuresch 225

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    Botond REZIReconstructing a Bronze Smiths oolkit. Special Remarks Regarding the Decoration o theBronze Belts rom Band 239

    Attila LSZLber die Verbreitung der Bronzenen Streitxte mit Nackenscheibe in den aussenkarpatischenGebieten Eine neue in der Moldau entdeckte Nackenscheibenaxt 251

    Tobias MRTZHauptsache. Argumente r eine eigenstndige Entwicklung der Kammhelme in Mitteleuropa 265

    Marianne MDLINGERBronze Age Metal Deensive Armour in Eastern Europe: Status Symbol and Symbolic Weaponsonly? Indications or the Usage as Weapons 279

    Gza SZABWhat Archaeometallurgy ells Us about the Changes o Bronze Crafwork in the Carpathian

    Basin at the ransition o the Bronze Age into Iron Age 291

    Frank TROMMERTiberius BADERLanzenspitzenherstellung 313

    Abbreviations 341

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    Bronze Age Crafs and Crafsmen in the Carpathian Basin, 2013, p. 279290

    Bronze Age Metal Defensive Armour in Eastern Europe: StatusSymbol and Symbolic Weapons only? Indications for the

    Usage as Weapons

    Marianne MDLINGERDipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale DCCI

    Universit degli Studi di GenovaGenoa, Italy

    [email protected]

    Keywords: Bronze Age, Eastern Europe, metal deensive armour, surace traces,manuacture, use-wear

    Te distribution area o European Bronze Age helmets, shields, cuirasses and greaves varies widelyrom each other and rarely overlaps. For the United Kingdom, only shields are known as deensive armour,since the find o potential rivets rom crested helmets (Flag Fen; C 1992, fig. 6/89) is not securedand might be more likely connected with vessels. On the Iberian Peninsula, only ragments rom crestedhelmets rom our hoards or deposits are known, while several depictions o mainly Herzsprung-typeshields indicate also the usage o (metal?) shields. Helmets and greaves, but no cuirasses or shields, wereound in Italy. Despite the cuirasses o Dendra and Tebes, only a small number o greaves and helmetsand no shields in general are noted in Greece. From France, we know helmets, greaves and cuirasses,but no shields. In Germany, the distribution area o shields and helmets is overlapping; only two greaves(Winklsa, Schstall) and one potential cuirass find (Winklsa) are known. In the central Alps, helmets,a small number o greaves and, most recently, a miniature cuirass (Brandgraben-Kainischtal) were ound.Only in the Carpathian Basin do we finally find all our types o deensive armour. Nevertheless, there isonly the deposit o Nadap, where ragments rom all types o deensive armour were ound together: onealmost complete conical helmet, ragments o decorated cap helmet(s), our greaves and one ragmenteach o a cuirass and a shield. An almost complete assemblage o deensive armour is reported rom the

    grave find rom Dendra with greaves, the unique panoply and a boar tusk helmet with bronze cheek plates.All other reconstructions, assemblages or combinations o metal deensive armour are pure assumptionsand highly hypothetical. It is ar more likely, that a combination o metal and wooden deensive armourwas used, though the latter is usually not well preserved.

    When interpreting metal arms and armour as a symbol o high status and power, we have to con-sider that they were most likely used during warare, melees, or individual or even ritual combat. But didthey all serve as armour in combat? Repairs and traces o usage, as well as the act that there can be norituals or symbols without the reality o what they signiy (K 1999, 188), indicate that not onlyweapons, but metal deensive armour as well, was definitely used in some type o combat. Tis, o course,does not indicate that the armour was used exclusively or fighting, but includes also the additional unc-tion as a symbol o wealth, social status or power o its owner or the society.

    Manuacture, usage and development o Bronze Age deensive armour remains unclear in wideparts o Europe, even afer more than a century o research. Te main ocus o previous studies was usu-ally on typo-chronological aspects, while topics such as manuacturing techniques, the actual usage and

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    technological observations were hardly included in the studies or even considered as chronological mark-ers or the armour. Despite U 2012, BH 1992 and BH 2001, L2008 and partly L 2011, who included detailed analyses i.e. o the alloy composition and suracestudies, all papers ocused on the classical approach o typology and distribution only (most important:von M 1941; H 1971; C 2001; 2002). Only C (2002), who studied typo-logical aspects o greaves, took into account the different methods o production or fixation o the greaveson the leg as typologically relevant. Analyses o the alloy composition were included in just a ew papers(i.e. S 2011). Te most well studied objects so ar are shields U (2012) also includedanalyses on manuacture and usage. Tereore, the main ocus on this article will be on helmets, cuirassesand greaves.

    o shed more light on the actual usage o metal deensive armour, all armour in Eastern Europewhich was accessible was documented, studied and analyzed during a currently ongoing project o theauthor on Bronze Age deensive armour in Eastern Europe. Te importance o carrying out studies directlyon the object cannot be emphasised enough; in this way, it is possible to confidently distinguish ragmentsormerly interpreted as parts o a decorated cap helmet as decorated flat discs (M 2013a), andto document otherwise unrecognised traces o manuacture and usage not only on the outside, but alsoon the inside and backside o the armour. In the ollowing, an overview o the most significant traces o

    manuacture and usage on mainly Eastern European metal deensive armour are described. For lack ospace, detailed descriptions o manuacture, repair and usage o each armour type, along with analyses oalloy and microstructure, as well as typology, distribution and date, will be discussed elsewhere.

    CuirassesFull metal cuirasses are known rom France, the Carpathian Basin (Hungary, Slovakia) and Greece

    only, along with a miniature o such a cuirass rom Austria (Brandgraben) (Fig. 1). Fragments which can bepotentially associated with cuirasses are known rom Hungary, Greece, the Czech Republic and Germany.Te two only complete eastern European cuirass were ound in Rrivers: one in France as a single find in theSane, the other one in the Danube. All the other cuirasses o the same type were parts o deposit or graveand heavily ragmented. Tese differences in deposition practise between east and west o the Rhine can benoted e.g. on helmets too (more detailed on the deposition practise see H 1994). So ar, the Europeancuirasses are the oldest; no older finds rom the Near East or Egypt are known. Te European cuirassesare made o a breast- and back plate, which were usually joined together on the lef side. Te oldest piece,the panoply rom Dendra, is unique; it was made out o several parts as a body cuirass, shoulder guards,breast plates and lower protection plates (V 1967). Te closest find to Dendra stylistically might bethe cuirasses rom Tebes, Greece. Te other European cuirasses are distinguished in a Carpathian groupand a western European or French group (M 2013d). Te main differences are in the decora-tion applied: in the East, the cuirasses are moderately decorated with positive plastic ribs and lines o pel-lets (chevrons, chevrons arranged as stars), while in the West the cuirasses are extensively decorated withpositive bosses and studs (birds, circles, lines). Greek cuirasses instead are undecorated. According to theirdecoration, the cuirasses o the western group are usually dated to the end o the Urnfield period, while theeastern cuirasses date to the beginning o the Urnfield period. Despite the two river finds rom the Danube

    and the Sone, Carpathian cuirasses are heavily ragmented, thus making it hard to detect traces o manu-acture and usage. As ar as the find spot is known, all cuirasses rom the western group originate rom arather small area o 230 km linear distance in Central-Eastern France. wo urther cuirasses with unknownfind spots are kept in museums in Hamburg and New York. Unlike those o the eastern group, the cuirasseso the western group are usually complete or at least the breast- or the back plate is preserved (Fig. 1).

    Due to the high level o ragmentation, not many significant traces o manuacture are visible on theEastern European cuirasses, like on the ones rom Nadap, ierna nad isou, aka, Ducov, Pzmndalu(V. S 2013), and Brno (M 2013d). Te main differences in the application o decoration incomparison with the Western European cuirasses, however, are clearly visible: the decoration was appliedwith small punches on the outside o the cuirass, while only the ribs and pellet decoration are embossedrom the backside. Te breast plate and the back plate o the cuirass rom ierna and isou, Slovakia,were joined together with our conical headed rivets on the lef side. Te upper rivet was supported onthe inside with an additional little rectangular bronze sheet. Te other three rivets were hammered on theshaf on the inner side o the cuirass in order to enlarge the shaf so that both sheets are permanently fixedtogether. No traces o hammering are visible on the inside o the cuirass.

    M. MDLINGER

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    Bronze Age Metal Defensive Armour in Eastern Europe: Status Symbol and Symbolic Weapons only? | 281

    Fig. 1. Find spots o European Bronze Age cuirasses. 12. Dendra; 3. Arsenal Tebes; 4. Municipal Con. CentreTebes ; 5. ierna nad isou; 6. aka; 7. Ducov ; 8. St. GermainduPlain; 9. Pzmndalu; 10. Nadap; 11. Brnoekovice; 12. Danube (Hungary); 1314. Unknown; 1516. GrayeetCharnay or Vria (ormer Grenoble and

    Naples); 1723. Fillinges (7); 2430. Marmesse (7); 31. Brandgraben (miniature).

    Te complete Carpathian cuirass ound in Saint-Germain-du-Plain, France, is decorated on thebreast plate only. Te ribs were applied rom the backside, while the fine chevron decoration was appliedrom the outside, using a little punch. Te ribs were marked out and their edges accented with a chisel onthe ront side o the breast plate. Additionally to the bent edges, the ribs increased as Sickenthe stabilityo the bronze sheet respectively the cuirass. Around the arms, the neck and the lower end, the rim o thetwo plates was bent over a soul made o rolled bronze or copper sheet. Te two plates were joined togetherwith our conical headed rivets on the lef side (one o them is missing) and one rivet on the lef shoulder,which is also missing today. Te rivet holes were punched through rom the outside to the inside. On theright side, a metal sheet was riveted central on the edge o the breastplate, leaving space or a central hole

    in the breast plate in order to attach a bronze dowel or closing the two halves. On the right shoulder, thebreast plate has a rectangular hole to grab the upwards bent metal sheet attached with a rivet on the insideo the back plate, so the two plates can be joined together. Te inside rim (side and shoulder) o the backpart was olded on the right side too. Tere is an additional rivet hole on the breast plate right under thearmpit, which unction is not clear yet it might have served or a cord to fix the dowel. It has no equiva-lent on the other side. Inside the neck and the body o the cuirass, vertical hammering traces are visible.Te metal shows several vertical cracks too, most likely a result o the hammering process.

    Due to the heavily ragmented character o the Carpathian European cuirasses no traces o usagecan be noted. Te cuirass rom St. Germain-du-Plain does not bear any clear traces o usage or repairs,while clear traces o use-wear on the Danube cuirass are visible (maybe also noted in the primary hope-ully noted also in the orthcoming publication o the cuirasss by E. P .). Opposite to EasternEuropean cuirasses, French cuirasses such as the ones rom Marmesse show several repairs indicatingsevere usage (publication in preparation by A. Lehoerff) and also traces o usage: i.e. the three breastplates rom Fillinges bear small holes most likely as a result o weapon peroration in the area o the neck.Interestingly, the holes were created rom the inside o the cuirass i we do not want to consider a rontal

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    attack with the spear head passing partly through or besides the neck, we potentially might consider thesetraces as a result o ritual or cultic action.

    HelmetsBronze Age metal helmets are widely distributed all over Europe except Northern Europe where

    only the two unique horned helmets rom Viks are known, and the Iberian Peninsula with ragmentsrom our deposits. Roughly, we can distinguish European helmets in two main groups: Western Europeancrested helmets and Central and Eastern European cap helmets. Decorated Italian helmets will not be con-sidered in this study since they are usually associated with the beginning Iron Age. In Western Europe, theconical cap is usually made o two halves, joined together by olding, orming a central crest (Fig. 2 and 4).Te date o most o the helmets is a matter o discussion, since most o them are single finds or rom purehelm deposits. From Austria, three crested helmets type Lueg, with round cap and three-pointed crest areknown. Teir chronological classification still is debated (most recent: L 2011). Conical helmets,decorated and undecorated cap helmets and bell helmets are distributed mainly in Central and EasternEurope (Fig. 3 and 5). Te caps o all types are made o one single metal sheet with a normally cast-onknob or socket at the top. Some cap helmets do not bear a knob or socket at all. Conical helmets can beconsidered as the oldest European helmets (M 2013b). In Eastern Europe, they are ollowed

    by (decorated) cap helmets, dated to HaA (M 2013a) and bell helmets, rom the HaB1 period(M 2013c).

    Fig. 2. Find spots o European Bronze Age crested helmets. 1. Mantes; 2. Mainz; 3. OggionoEllo; 4. Weil amRhein; 5. Pass Lueg; 6. Piller; 7. Anlaufal; 8. Biebesheim; 9. Bremen; 10. Ebing; 11. Pockinger Heide; 12. Roxheim;13. Otterstadt; 14. Auxonne; 15. Le Teil; 16. BlainvillesurlEau; 17. ChalonsurSane; 18. Montmacq; 19. Paris;

    20. Seurre; 21. Hungary (?); 22. BerniresdAilly; 23. Armancourt; 24. Normandy; 25. Nemours; 26. MainzKostheim; 27. Larnaud; 28. Huelva; 29. Gran; 30. Monte do crasto; 31. Castro de Avels; 32. iryns.

    Te Eastern European helmets were made out o flat, as-cast discs, which were hammered intobowl-shape using an open die (M 2013c). Tough heavy hammering traces are visible in theinside o the massive bell helmets and even on the rim and there are no significant hammering tracesinside the cap o the older helmets, the first are in total less deormed than all thinner, older helmets (e.g.conical helmets, decorated cap helmets). Tese were hammered as a final step o production with a plan-ishing hammer over a so-called reibfaust(a convex headed anvil) in order to smooth the surace. Rivetholes were most likely already cast on bell helmets, while they were punched through rom the outsideto the inside on the older helmets. Decorative elements such as ribs on the decorated cap helmets wereapplied rom the inside with chisels, while pellet decoration was applied with punches.

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    Bronze Age Metal Defensive Armour in Eastern Europe: Status Symbol and Symbolic Weapons only? | 283

    Fig. 3. Find spots o European Bronze Age cap helmets. 1. Greece (?); 2. Cnossos; 3. Biecz; 4. Oranienburg; 5.akov; 6. Viks; 7. Spisk Bel; 8. Lky; 9. Dunaldvr; 10. Keresztte; 11. Nadap; 12. Sg; 13. Mantes; 14.

    Mainz; 15. Kleinhningen; 16. OggionoEllo; 17. Northern Hungary (?); 18. Meznyrd; 19. Paks; 20. Hungary(?); 21. Guteria; 22. Uioara de Sus; 23. iar nad Hronom; 24. Elsterwerda; 25. Strassengel; 26. Wllersdor; 27.

    Poljanci; 28. Veliko Nabre; 29. Hoko Pohorje; 3031 unknown (2), ormer Guttmann collection; 32. Nadap (?);33. Schoonaarde; 34. Tonberg; 35. Wonsheim; 36. Montbellet; 37. Sziksz; 38. kocjan; 39. Brancere; 40. Iseo; 41.

    Unknown, ormer Zschille collection; 42. Slun; 43. Hajdbszrmny; 44. Mezkvesd; 45. Endrd; 46. oar;47. Picolt; 48. Schmiedehausen; 49. Bajmok; 50. Mantova; 51. Sehlsdor; 52. Unknown, ormer Zschille collection;53. Unknown, Sold at Gorny &Mosch; 54. Unknown, ormer Lipperheide collection; 55. Bonyhd; 56. Batina;

    57. Nagyttny; 58. Szczecin-Zdroje; 59. Unknown, Cahn-auction; 60. Dendra; 61. iryns; 62. Ialiso; 63. plnaca;64. echirghiol; 65. Podcrkavlje; 66. Monte Altino; 67. jszny/Komrom; 68. Jszkarajen; 69. Dusnok; 70.

    Pzmndalu; 71. unknown (Rome); 72. Picquigny; Not on the map: 1, 3031, 41, 5254, 71.

    On Western European helmets, the two halves were joined together at the crest by olding onesheet over the other and then riveting the neck and orehead areas. On the helmet o Auxonne, the shoul-der between crest and cap was marked. Te helmet rom Montmacq B shows an additional rivet on thecrest. Te Eastern European helmets instead do not bear a crest, but usually a central socket or knob.Also here, different ways o joining are noticed: usually, the socket or knob is cast-on on the centre o the

    helmets cap (M 2013c, fig. 12) using the lost-wax technique. It might also be riveted on romthe inside (e.g. on cap helmets with massive knob) or riveted on rom the outside (e.g. the helmet romKnossos).

    Fig. 4. Different types o European Bronze Age crested helmets (without scale). 1. ype Mantes (Mantes, France);2. type Biebesheim (Chalon sur Sone, France; afer B 1990, 48, fig. 37); 3. type Bernires dAilly

    (Armancourt, France; afer S 2011, 37, fig. 12/2); 4. Italian crested helmet (kocjan, Slovenia); 5. type Lueg(Pillersattel, Austria; afer E- 2002, 549, fig. 7).

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    Fig. 5. Different types o European Bronze Age helmets (without scale). 1. conical helmet (Biecz, Poland); 2. caphelmet (Iseo, Italy); 3. decorated cap helmet (Northern Hungary (?)); 4. cap helmet with massive knob (Hungary

    (?); afer C 2005, 32, fig. 1); 5. bell helmet (Mezkvesd, Hungary).

    Clear evidences o the usage o bronze helmets in battle are rare; only a ew helmets show poten-tial sword blows, including the crested helmets rom Blainville, Montmacq A and B and the helmets romMantes, Tonberg, Wonsheim, Oggione-Ello and Hajdbszrmny. Tis small number o combat tracesdoes not necessarily prove that they were not used in combat, but might be also connected with the battleskills o those wearing the helmets and the ease o repairing dings and dints on the cap. Repairs can beobserved on the helmets; this, in effect, proves that the helmets were used in some way. Usually, cracksappearing on the edge (as on the helmet rom Endrd) or the centre o the cap were repaired: a rivet or anadditional bronze sheet was riveted on the cap in order to cover the crack. Te most beautiul way to covera crack or casting deect is ound on the helmet rom Picolt: a little bronze sheet, decorated with bossesand pellets, was riveted on the upper part o the cap with two rivets and fixed inside with another bronzesheet (M 2013c, fig. 6).

    GreavesGreaves are ound rom Central France to Hungary and to the Eastern Aegean. From Northern

    Europe and the Atlantic Bronze Age we do not have any greave finds at all. Tere is a significant concen-tration o finds in Southern ransdanubia and the Sava-Danube-Area; interestingly, there are no greavesknown rom Slovakian or ransylvanian deposits (Fig. 6). Greaves have conventionally been distinguished

    typologically according to their decoration (most recent H 1994) or the manner o fixing them tothe eet and legs (C 2002). C distinguished three main types o corded greaves; thosewith integrated or separate wire loops, greaves with riveted loops and greaves with punched holes alongthe rim. In contrast to all other ull metal deensive armour, greaves are the only find category which canbe regularly ound also in graves (and here, mainly greaves with separate wire). In the ollowing, we candistinguish the ollowing main groups o greaves and single finds: 1. greaves with wheel decoration (BrDHaA1); 2. greaves type Kuim (HaA2B1); 3. greaves with abstracted bird heads (HaA1); 4. greaves withseparate wire (Greece: 13th12thcent. BC; Italy: 11thcent. BC to the Early Iron Age) and 5. single types. Inthe deposits o Malpensa and Slavonski Brod, greaves with abstracted bird heads and greaves with wheelmoti were placed together, thus we might assume a co-existence o the two types. Tough here character-ized primary by their decorative elements, the groups are widely consistent with the technological char-acterization by C (2002).

    Te documented greaves generally do not show any traces o thermo-mechanical treatment. Alltraces o hammering were eliminated with planishing hammer and reibfaustas well as grinding andpolishing o the surace. However, the microstructure o the greaves sampled indicates intense total deor-mation o the bronze sheets. Te greaves were made out o a flat as-cast, which was extensively deormedin order to achieve the thin, oval shape o the uture greave. Once the bronze sheet was approximately0.20.4 mm thin, the edges were chiselled off in order to achieve the oval orm. Te edge then was bent onthe ront side o the greave around a round or squared bronze or copper wire. Depending on the type othe greaves, either gaps were lef to give space or the wire to orm loops so the greave could be attachedwith a leather or textile strip on the legs, or small holes were punched close to the rim o the bronze sheetto attach the greaves. On many greaves polishing traces rom top to bottom are visible. On the greave romKuim we can also note a significant change in corrosion, most likely caused by the second greave which

    was placed on the only one preserved today. Further traces o manuacture commonly noted are scribedlines in order to place the plastic decoration in line. Despite the greaves with separate wire, all decorationwas applied with round punches: with one size only (greaves with wheel moti despite the greave rom

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    Rinyaszentkirly) or up to three punches o different size (Kuim type greaves, greaves with abstractedbird heads). Since greaves aside rom the ones rom Dendra and Schstall do not show any indicationor the direct fixation o organic inlay, we have to consider that it was fixed or dressed separately beorethe greaves were attached on the leg. A unique case is one o the greaves with abstracted bird heads romMalpensa. Tis greave shows small punched holes close to each other all along parallel to the rim, in addi-tion to the wire loops. Most likely, they served to secure an organic backing, e.g. leather, which must havebeen permanently fixed on the bronze sheet. A. M-B (1979, 125) and C. C (2002, 155)interpret the holes as repair work, since the wire loops are almost all broken, which o course might havealso happened during the deposition rites or due to corrosion processes.

    Fig. 6. Find spots o European Bronze Age greaves. 1. Brodski Varo; 2. Desmont (2); 3. Pergine (4); 4. Malpensa(3); 5. Cannes-cluse; 6. Poljanci I; 7. Esztergom; 8. Nadap (4); 9. Rinyaszentkirly; 10. Nagyvejke; 11. Lengyeltti;12. Stetten; 13. Poljanci IV; 14. Slavonski Brod (2?); 15. Veliko Nabre; 16. Boljani; 17. Athen (2); 18. MarkovacGrunjac; 19. Bouclans; 20. Boutigny; 21. Beuron; 22. Volders (2); 23. Weissenstein; 24. Vrvlgy; 25. Kuim; 26.

    Klotar Ivani (2); 27. Enkomi (3); 28. Kallitha (2); 29. PortesKephalovryso (2); 30. Castellace (2); 31. Kouvars(2); 32. Grammichele (2); 33. Pontecagnano (2); 34. orre Galli (6); 35. Dendra; 36. Schstall; 37. Winklsa; 38.

    Canosa (2); 39. Limone.

    Descriptions in the Iliad about the manuacture o greaves e.g. Iliad 18, 613 mentioning greavesmade o tin resulted in controversial discussions about the alloy composition still without any analytical

    base or Greek greaves (H 1994, 17, note 34). However, analyses o European Bronze Age greavesby the author (publication orthcoming) shows that all were made o tin-bronze and certainly not o tinonly. Te usage o greaves was always discussed controversial. Tey have been interpreted as a protectionor rarely harmed areas o the body, or possibly to protect him rom his own shield, which might bangagainst his lower legs, as was supposed in discussions about Homers armour descriptions (S 1982,101), or as protection against arrows (H 1994, 17). However, these interpretations do not seem to bevery likely since the shield was usually carried on the back when walking and arrows rarely hit the lowerleg. Also, the shield certainly did not hit the lower leg during fighting, since the upper and middle partso the body are more likely to be protected. On Greek vases, we always see the warrior dressing first hisgreaves. Tis is not connected to a higher valuation o the greave but due to practical reasons: once wear-ing the cuirass, it is hard to apply the greaves. In act, there is only one description o greaves protectingthe warrior in the Iliad: Achilles is protected by his greaves when Agenor throws his spear. On the greavesdocumented and studied so ar, several traces o repairs were noted. Most common were vertical cracks onthe central top part o the greave, which were fixed with punched-through holes on both sides, so a wirecould be placed inside in order to hold the sheet together and stop urther cracking. Other typical repairs

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    which were noted are as on the greave rom Kuim, Czech Republic punched holes, which replace thebroken loops with additional, separate wire loops. In contrast to direct traces, repairs seem to have beenquite common, at least on the ew complete greaves preserved. In all the repair cases noted, either a crackor a broken loop was repaired. Te only greaves with obvious traces o damage, rom Roqueort, France,date to the 6thcent. BC (C 2002). Due to their high number o weapon peroration one also mightconsider ritual destruction.

    ShieldsMetal shields are distributed mainly in Northern Europe: the United Kingdom (with more than

    the hal o all shields known), Ireland, southern Sweden, Denmark and Northern and Central Germany.Bronze nails in graves rom southern Germany (BrC2BrD) and Hungary as well as the early date o theshield-ormer rom Kilmahamogue indicate wooden and/or leather shields being used rom the MBA on.Te earliest metal shields are known rom the Carpathian Basin and are dated to BrD. Five finds o leatherand wooden shields are known rom Ireland (U 2012). From Spain and southern France, onlydepictions and rom Greece only votive shields are documented. No Bronze Age shields were documentedso ar in Italy. Te distribution area o shields and cuirasses is not overlapping (despite the deposit romNadap!), while there are a ew overlapping areas with helmets and greaves. Tis pattern o distribution is

    most likely connected to deposition traditions; we cannot automatically conclude that metal shields wereunknown in regions without any finds or depictions: 75 out o 90 metal shields were deposited in wetcontext such as bogs, lakes or rivers. Fragments o only seven shields were ound in hoards, and only twoclose to settlements.

    Te manuacture o shields will be described just briefly here, since M. U (2011; 2012)most recently published extensive discussion o shield manuacturing. Shields were hammered out oas-cast flat tin-bronze discs with alternating annealing and cold deormation applied. Some shields stillshow radial and radially crossing traces on the inside (rom the centre to the rim) o hammers used ordriving and flattening. Usually these traces were eliminated on the ront side with a flat hammer and thesurace was polished, beore the decoration was embossed. Once the shield achieved its final diameter,the parts overlapping the desired shape were chiselled or cut off. Te rim then was rolled over, usuallybut not always over a copper or bronze wire. Tis made the rim o the shield the most stable and massivepart o the armour. In the centre o the shield, a massive bronze strap with flattened ends or either a gripo rolled sheet bronze and thickened ends was riveted on. On most shields, tabs or loops were addition-ally attached to asten a string or acilitate carrying the shield. As on greaves, also some shields, mainlytype Herzsprung, show incised lines and calliper points on the backside or the precise application othe decoration (U 2011). Te application o an inner strengthening layer o leather was ofensuggested, but is still unproven. Since even the bog finds lack organic material to interpret as a backingmaterial, we have to consider the bronze shield as purely metal armour. Additionally, the tight connec-tion between shield body and grip as well as the tightly bent rim do not leave space or any organic inlayor backing.

    Generally, bronze shields differ rom their organic counterparts by being interpreted as non-unctional. Te experiments o J. M. C (1962) strengthened this assumption. However, we have to

    consider that his experiments were carried out with very thin shields made o pure copper. Tese werenot replicas o the same material and thickness as the original shields. Newer experiments by B. M(2009) demonstrated more unctional aspects o the shields, since the experiments were carried out withreplicas made o similar composition and thickness. More experiments concerning manuacture as well asusage o shields are currently ongoing by M. Uckelmann (personal communication).

    Due to corrosion, use-wear in the orm o abrasion is rarely ound. wo shields rom the Tames(near Long Wittenham and near London) show trapezoid holes which were most likely caused by spear-heads. Te shield rom London urthermore has a cut in the upper hal that appears to result rom asword blow. From the three shields ound in Yetholm, one has the central boss pierced through by a sharppointed object, again possibly a sword (U 2011, fig. 4). Generally, weapon marks are not com-mon and not bound to specific types o shields. Repairs as indications o usage appear on some shields;usually, little straps o sheet bronze were riveted over ractures. One racture o one shield was even sewntogether with a bronze or copper wire (U 2011).

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    * * *

    Bronze Age metal deensive armour has been studied in order to reveal urther inormation onboth manuacture and usage. According to the traces o manuacture, as briefly described in the presentpaper, we know that high-level metal work was carried out: not only bronze sheet manuacture, workingand decoration, but also cast-on on thin bronze sheets and repairs, whether due to the manuacturing pro-

    cess or usage, testifies to highly developed metal crafsmanship. Indications or the actual usage o shields,helmets, cuirasses and greaves as deensive armour are rare, but nevertheless present. However, we have toconsider that dings or dints can be easily removed. Due to the general scarcity o metal deensive armourand the high number o offensive weapons as spears and swords, it is reasonable to assume that most o thedeensive armour was actually made out o organic material, as indicated by the leather and wood shieldsrom Ireland and the only European organic helmet preserved (Fiav-Carera). Tis leaves metal deensivearmour as highly precious, valuable objects, which nevertheless were also used during combat, as ew, butexisting traces o usage indicate.

    AcknowledgementsI would like to thank the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the FP7/Marie Curie actions who

    were supporting the research with the Schrdinger-ellowship no. J 3109-G21. I am greatly indebted toeveryone in all the museums I visited or the possibility to study and analyse the armour discussed.

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    BH Born, H.Hansen, S., Ein urnenelderzeitlicher Glockenhelm aus der SammlungZschille, ActaPraehistArch, 24, 339356.

    BH Born, H.Hansen, S., Helme und Waffen Alteuropas, Sammlung Axel Guttmann 9,Mainz.

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    L Lippert, A., Die zweischaligen ostalpinen Kammhelme und verwandte Helmformender spten Bronze- und frhen Eisenzeit, ArchS,6, Salzburg..

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    Lombardia occidentale, IN: Istituto italiano di preistoria e protostoria (ed.), Attidella XXII riunione scientifica. Il Bronzo finale in Italia,Firenze 2123 Ottobre 1977.In memoria di Ferrante Rittatore Vonwiller, Firenze, 117146.

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    M a Mdlinger, M., Star Ornamentation on Late Bronze Age Helmets, Cups andDecorated Discs in Central and South-Eastern Europe,ArhVest, 64, 65101.

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    List of figures

    Fig. 1. Find spots o European Bronze Age cuirasses. 12. Dendra; 3. Arsenal Tebes; 4. Municipal Con. CentreTebes ; 5. ierna nad isou; 6. aka; 7. Ducov ; 8. St. GermainduPlain; 9. Pzmndalu; 10. Nadap;11. Brnoekovice; 12. Danube (Hungary); 1314. Unknown; 1516. GrayeetCharnay or Vria (ormerGrenoble and Naples); 1723. Fillinges (7); 2430. Marmesse (7); 31. Brandgraben (miniature).

    Fig. 2. Find spots o European Bronze Age crested helmets. 1. Mantes; 2. Mainz; 3. OggionoEllo; 4. Weil am Rhein;5. Pass Lueg; 6. Piller; 7. Anlaufal; 8. Biebesheim; 9. Bremen; 10. Ebing; 11. Pockinger Heide; 12. Roxheim;13. Otterstadt; 14. Auxonne; 15. Le Teil; 16. BlainvillesurlEau; 17. ChalonsurSane; 18. Montmacq; 19.Paris; 20. Seurre; 21. Hungary (?); 22. BerniresdAilly; 23. Armancourt; 24. Normandy; 25. Nemours; 26.MainzKostheim; 27. Larnaud; 28. Huelva; 29. Gran; 30. Monte do crasto; 31. Castro de Avels; 32. iryns.

    Fig. 3. Find spots o European Bronze Age cap helmets. 1. Greece (?); 2. Cnossos; 3. Biecz; 4. Oranienburg; 5.akov; 6. Viks; 7. Spisk Bel; 8. Lky; 9. Dunaldvr; 10. Keresztte; 11. Nadap; 12. Sg; 13. Mantes;14. Mainz; 15. Kleinhningen; 16. OggionoEllo; 17. Northern Hungary (?); 18. Meznyrd; 19. Paks; 20.Hungary (?); 21. Guteria; 22. Uioara de Sus; 23. iar nad Hronom; 24. Elsterwerda; 25. Strassengel; 26.Wllersdor; 27. Poljanci; 28. Veliko Nabre; 29. Hoko Pohorje; 3031 unknown (2), ormer Guttmanncollection; 32. Nadap (?); 33. Schoonaarde; 34. Tonberg; 35. Wonsheim; 36. Montbellet; 37. Sziksz; 38.kocjan; 39. Brancere; 40. Iseo; 41. Unknown, ormer Zschille collection; 42. Slun; 43. Hajdbszrmny;44. Mezkvesd; 45. Endrd; 46. oar; 47. Picolt; 48. Schmiedehausen; 49. Bajmok; 50. Mantova; 51.Sehlsdor; 52. Unknown, ormer Zschille collection; 53. Unknown, Sold at Gorny&Mosch; 54. Unknown,ormer Lipperheide collection; 55. Bonyhd; 56. Batina; 57. Nagyttny; 58. Szczecin-Zdroje; 59. Unknown,Cahn-auction; 60. Dendra; 61. iryns; 62. Ialiso; 63. plnaca; 64. echirghiol; 65. Podcrkavlje; 66. MonteAltino; 67. jszny/Komrom; 68. Jszkarajen; 69. Dusnok; 70. Pzmndalu; 71. unknown (Rome); 72.Picquigny; Not on the map: 1, 3031, 41, 5254, 71.

    Fig. 4. Different types o European Bronze Age crested helmets (without scale). 1. ype Mantes (Mantes, France);

    2. type Biebesheim (Chalon sur Sone, France; afer B 1990, 48, fig. 37); 3. type Bernires dAilly(Armancourt, France; afer S 2011, 37, fig. 12/2); 4. Italian crested helmet (kocjan, Slovenia); 5. typeLueg (Pillersattel, Austria; afer E- 2002, 549, fig. 7).

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    Fig. 5. Different types o European Bronze Age helmets (without scale). 1. Biecz, Poland); 2. cap helmet (Iseo,Italy); 3. decorated cap helmet (Northern Hungary (?)); 4. cap helmet with massive knob (Hungary (?); aferC 2005, 32, fig. 1); 5. bell helmet (Mezkvesd, Hungary).

    Fig. 6. Find spots o European Bronze Age greaves. 1. Brodski Varo; 2. Desmont (2); 3. Pergine (4); 4. Malpensa(3); 5. Cannes-cluse; 6. Poljanci I; 7. Esztergom; 8. Nadap (4); 9. Rinyaszentkirly; 10. Nagyvejke; 11.Lengyeltti; 12. Stetten; 13. Poljanci IV; 14. Slavonski Brod (2?); 15. Veliko Nabre; 16. Boljani; 17. Athen

    (2); 18. MarkovacGrunjac; 19. Bouclans; 20. Boutigny; 21. Beuron; 22. Volders (2); 23. Weissenstein; 24.Vrvlgy; 25. Kuim; 26. Klotar Ivani (2); 27. Enkomi (3); 28. Kallitha (2); 29. PortesKephalovryso (2);30. Castellace (2); 31. Kouvars (2); 32. Grammichele (2); 33. Pontecagnano (2); 34. orre Galli (6); 35.Dendra; 36. Schstall; 37. Winklsa; 38. Canosa (2); 39. Limone.

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    Abbreviations

    AA Archiv r Anthropologie, Deutsche Gesellschaf r Anthropologie, Ethnologie undUrgeschichte

    ABB Arbeitsberichte zur Bodendenkmalpflege in Brandenburg, BrandenburgABSA Te annual o the British school at Athens, LondonActa Humaniora Acta Humaniora, Universitetet I OsloActaAntArch Acta Antiqua et Achaeologica, SzegedActaArch Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, BudapestActaArchCop Acta Archaeologica, CopenhagenActaMM Acta Musei Maramoriensis, Baia Mare

    ActaMN Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-NapocaActaMP Acta Musei Porolissensis, ZaluActaMPa Acta Musei Papensis, PpaActaPraehistArch Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica, BerlinAegaeum Annales darchologie genne de lUniversit deLigeet U-PASPAFSB Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Schsischen BodendenkmalpflegeAGN Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, NrnbergAI Archologische Inormationen, Deutsche Gesellschaf r Ur- und FrhgeschichteAIBM Archaeological Institute Beograd Monographs, Archaeological Institute, BelgradeAJA American Journal o Archaeology, Archaeological Institute o America, BostonAlba Regia Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, SzkesehrvrAlManach Almanach der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschafen, WienAltertum Das Altertum, BerlinAluta Aluta, Revista Muzeului Naional Secuiesc, Sntu GheorgheAngustia Angustia, Muzeul Carpailor Rsriteni, Sntu GheorgheANODOS Anados, Studies o the Ancient World, rnavska univerzitaAntaeus Antaeus, Magyar udomnyos Akadmia Rgszeti Intzet, BudapestAntiquaries Journal Te Antiquaries Journal, LondonAntiquitas Antiquitas, BonnAntiquitas Hungarica Antiquitas Hungarica, Pzmny Pter udomnyegyetem, BudapestAntiquits Nationales Antiquits Nationales, ParisAntiquity Antiquity, LondonA Archologie sterreichs

    APL Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia, Universiteit LeidenApulum Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba IuliaARA Annual Review o Anthropology, Palo AltoArchaeologia Romanica Archaeologia Romanica, BistriaArchaeometry Archaeometry, OxordArchaeologia Archaeologia, LondonArchAustr Archaeologia Austriaca, WienArchBulgarica Archaeologica Bulgarica, SofiaArchechch Archeologick vzkumy v jinch echch, esk BudejoviceArchD Archologie in DeutschlandArcheo irol Archaeo irol, Kleine Schrifen, Universitt InnsbruckArcheometriai Mhely Archeometriai Mhely, Magyar Nemyeti Mzeum, Budapest.Archrt Archaeologiai rtest, BudapestArchHung Archaeologia Hungarica, Budapest

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    342 | A

    ArchivVSL Archiv des Vereins r siebenbrgische LandeskundeArchKiev Archeologija, KievArchKorr Archologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in

    MainzArchPol Archeologia PolskiArchRoz Archeologick Rozhledy, PragueArchS Archologie in SalzburgArchSofia Archeologija, SofiaArhMold Arheologia Moldovei, IaiArhVest Arheoloki Vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), Intitut za arheologijo, LubljanaArrabona Arrabona, a Gyri Mzeum vknyveASA Ars slovaca antiqua, BratislavaASF Archaeologia Slovaca Fontes, BratislavaASM Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae, NitraASPR American School o Prehistoric Research, CambridgeAuF Ausgrabungen und Funde, Nachrichtenblatt der LandesarchologieAUSB Annales Universitatis Scientiarium Budapestinensis de Rolando Etvs Nominatae.

    Sectio Historica, Budapest.BA Biblioteca de Arheologie, BucuretiBaltic-Pontic Studies Baltic-Pontic Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, PoznaBAR British Archaeological Reports, International Series, OxordBayerVorgeschbl Bayerische Vorgeschichtsbltter, MnchenBCMI Buletinul comisiunii monumentelor istorice, BucuretiBeih. Atlas Urgesch Beihef zum Atlas der Urgeschichte, HamburgBerRGK Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen KommissionBH Burgenlndische Heimatsbltter, Amt der Burgenlndischen Landesregierung

    Landesarchiv und LandesbibliothekBHAB Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Banatica, imioaraBKL Bnyszati s Kohszati Lapok, BudapestBL Bnyszati Lapok, Orszgos Magyar Bnyszati s Kohszati Egyeslet, BudapestBM Bibliotheca Marmatia, Baia MareBMA Biblioteca Mvsei Apvlensis, Alba IuliaBMBistria Biblioteca Muzeului BistriaBMMK A Bks Megyei Mzeumok KzlemnyeiBM Bibliotheca Musei apolcensis, apolca.Boletin SEHUMED Sede para el Estudio de los Humedales Mediterrneos Universidad de Valencia,

    ValenciaBonner Jahrb Bonner Jahrbcher, BonnBPI Bullettino die Paletnologia Italiana, RomaB Bibliotheca Tracologica, Bucureti

    CA Cercetri Arheologice, BucuretiCAJ Cambridge Archaeological Journal, CambridgeCarpica Carpica, Muzeul Judeean de Istorie i Art Iulian Antonescu, BacuCCA Cronica Cercetrilor Arheologice din RomniaCeramics International Ceramics International, ElsevierCI Cercetri IstoriceCmapuHap CmapuHap, BeogradCommArchHung Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, BudapestCRC Cercetri de Restaurare i Conservare, Muzeul Naional de Istorie a Romniei,

    BucuretiCrisia Crisia, Muzeul rii Criurilor, OradeaCsMF Csongrdi Mzeumi Fzetek, CsongrdCurrAnth Current Anthropology, University o Chicago Press

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    A | 343

    Dacia Dacia, Recherches et dcuvertes archologiques en Roumanie, IXII (19241948),Bucureti; Nouvelle srie (N. S.), Dacia. Revue darchologie et dhistoire anciene,Bucureti

    Der Anschnitt Der Anschnitt, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum BochumDiadora Glasilo Arheolokog Muzeja u ZadruDIG Dri de seam ale edinelor Institutului Geologic al RomnieiDissPannonicae Dissertationes Pannonicae, BudapestDJELA Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i HercegovineDjerdapske sveske Djerdapske sveske, Arheoloki institut i Narodni muzej, BelgradDolgKolozsvr Dolgozatok az Erdlyi Nemzeti Mzeum rem- s Rgisgtrbl, KolozsvrEA Eurasia Antiqua, Deutsches Archologisches InstitutEAZ Ethnographisch-Archologische Zeitschrif, BerlinEJHG European Journal o Human Genetics, LeidenEphemNap Ephemeris Napocensis, ClujNapocaESA Eurasia Septentrionalis AntiquaExpArch Experimentelle Archologie in Deutschland (in Europa), OldenburgFAH Fontes Archaeologici Hungariae, Budapest

    FolArch Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum vknyve, BudapestForschStillfried Forschungen in StillriedGermania Germania, Frankurt am MainGlasnik Sarajevo Glasnik Sarajevo, Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja u Sarajevu SarajevoGlasnik ZM Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u SarajevuHAG Hrvatski archeoloki godinjak,Hammaburg Hammaburg, Vor- und rhgeschichtliche Forschungen aus dem niederelbischen

    Raum, HamburgHelvArch Helvetia Archaeologica, Official newsletter o the Swiss Archaeological Society,

    ZrichHOM A Herman Ott Mzeum vknyve, MiskolcHyperfine Interactions Springer Verlag, NetherlandsIA Internationale Archologie, Buch am Erlbach, Espelkamp, Rahden/West.IAP Inventaria Archaeologia Pologne, LdzIBAD Izvestija na Bulgarskoto Archeologiesko Druestvo, SofijaIHAD Izdanja Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva, ZagrebIJCS International Journal o Conservation Science, IaiInvArch Ungarn Inventaria Archaeologica Hungarica, BudapestInvArchRoumanie Inventaria Archaeologica Roumanie, BucuretiIPH Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, A magyar Nemzeti Mzeum BudapestISR Interdisciplinary Science ReviewsJahrBM Jahrbuch zur Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg, Museum r Ur- und

    Frhgeschichte Schwerin

    Jahrbuch RGZM Jahrbuch des Rmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums MainzJahrIVUF Jahresbericht des Instituts r Vorgeschichte der Universitt Frankurt, Frankurt am

    MainJahrMV Jahresschrif r Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, HalleJahrSGUF Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaf r Ur-und Frhgeschichte, BaselJAM A Nyregyhzi Jsa Andrs Mzeum vknyve, NyregyhzaJAS Journal o Archaeological Science, ElsevierJHS Journal o Hellenic Studies, Cambridge University PressJPM A Janus Pannonius Mzeum vknyve, PcsKEMMK Komrom-Esztergom Megyei Mzeumok Kzlemnyei,Kzlemnyek Kzlemnyek az Erdlyi Nemzeti Mzeum rem-s Rgisgtrbl, Kolozsvr.Kratkie Soobs ,

    Kunde Die Kunde, HamburgMAGW Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaf in Wien

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    344 | A

    Man Man. A monthly Record o Anthropological Science, LondonMarburger Studien Marburger Studien zur Vor- und Frhgeschichte, Rahden/West.Marisia Marisia (V), Studii i Materiale, rgu MureMarmatia Marmatia, Anuarul Muzeului Judeean MaraureMAS Materialia archaeologica Slovaca, Nitra

    MCA Materiale i Cercetri Arheologice, BucuretiMemAnt Memoria Antiquitatis, Acta Musei Petrodavensis, BucuretiMFM A Mra Ferenc Mzeum vknyve, SzegedMGB Muzej Grada BeogradaMinaria Helvetica Minaria Helvetica, Bulletin de la Socit Suisse dHistoire des MinesMiskolci Egyetem Kzlemnye,A. sorozat, Bnyszat

    Miskolci Egyetem Kzlemnye, A. sorozat, Bnyszat, Miskolc

    MittBGAEU Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaf r Anthropologie, Ethnologie undUrgeschichte

    MittDAI Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, AthenMittDO Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaf, BerlinMittFBVF Mitteilungen der Freunde der Bayerischen Vor- und Frhgeschichte

    MKAM Monographs and catalogueso the Archaeological Museum o Istria, PulaMPK Mitteilungen der Prhistorischen Kommission der sterreichischen Akademie der

    Wissenschafen, VienaMSPF Mmoires de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise, ParisMSROA Materiay i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Orodka Archeologicznego, RzeszvMU Materialien zur Urgeschichte sterreichs, WienMusaica Musaica, Sbornc Filozofickej akulty Univerzity KomenskhoMuzejski Vijesnik Glasilo muzeja Sjeverozapadne HrvatskeMzeumi Fzetek Mzeumi Fzetek, Petfi Mzeum, AszdMMO MMO, skoros Kutatk sszejvetelnek konerenciakteteOGPJ Ostbairische Grenzmarken: Passauer Jahrbuch r Geschichte, Kunst und

    Volkskunde, PassauOJA Oxord Journal o ArchaeologyK sterreichische Kunsttopographie, WienOMR Orszgos Magyar Rgszeti rsulat vknyve Jahrbuch der Ungarischen

    Archaeologischen GesellschafOlympische Forschungen Olympische Forschungen, Deutsches Archologisches Institut, BerlinOpArch Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheoloki zavod, Filozoski akultet u Zagrebusrgszeti Levelek srgszeti Levelek / Prehistoric newsletter, BudapestZBH sterreichische Zeitschrif r Berg- und HttenwesenPaideuma Paideuma, Frobenius-Institut, Frankurt am MainPamArch Pamtky Archeologick, PrahaPAS Prhistorische Archologie in Sdosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, Mnchen

    PBF Prhistorische Bronzeunde, Mnchen, StuttgartPeuce Peuce, Studii i cercetri de istorie i arheologie, Institutul de Cercetri Eco-Muzeale

    ulcea, Institutul de Istorie si Arheologie, ulceaPJZ Prajistoria Jugoslovenskih zemalja, SarajevoPM Ppai Mzeumi rtest, PpaPodravski Zbornik Podravski Zbornik, KoprivnicePPS Proceedings o the Prehistoric Society, LondonPrilozi IAZ Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju iz ZagrebaPSV Praistorijske ostave u Srbiji I Voivodini, BeogradPZ Prhistorische Zeitschrif, BerlinRBPA Regensburger Beitrge zur Prhistorischen Archologie, RegensburgRgFz Rgszeti Fzetek, Budapest

    RevArh Revista Arheologic, ChiinuRevBis Revista Bistriei, Complexul Judeean Muzeal Bistria-Nsud

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    Revista Minelor Revista Minelor, PetroaniRGF Rmisch-Germanische Forschungen, Mainz, BerlinRKM Rgszeti Kutatsok MagyarorszgonRSP Rivista die Scienze Preistoriche, FirenzeRVM Rad Vojvodanskih Muzeja, Novi Sad

    SA Sozialanthropologische Arbeitspapiere, BerlinSAM Studien zu den Anngen der Metallurgie, Rmisch-Germanisches ZentralmuseumMainz

    SAO Studien zur Archologie in Ostmitteleuropa, Poznan, Bamberg, Rahden/West.Savaria Savaria, a Vas Megyei Mzeumok rtestje, SzombathelySBA Saarbrcker Beitrge zur Altertumskunde, BonnScienze dellAntichit Scienze dellAntichit. Storia Archeologia Antropologia, RomaSCIV(A) Studii i Cercetri de Istorie Veche (i Arheologie 1974), BucuretiSFFBU Sbornc prac Filozofick Fakulty Brnensk University, BrnoSlovArch Slovensk Archeolgia, NitraSMK Somogyi Mzeumok Kzlemnyei, SomogySMMK Somogy Megyei Mzeumok Kzlemnyei, Kaposvr

    SovArch Sovetskaja Archeologija, MoskvaStarinar Starinar (N.S)., Arheoloki institute, BeogradStC Maramureene Studii i Cercetri Maramureene, Baia MareStCeltica Studia Celtica, University o WalesStCom Satu Mare Studii i Comunicri Satu MareStudArch Studia Archaeologica, SzegedStudia Comitatensia Studia Comitatensia, Rgszeti tanulmnyok Pest megyblStudiaUBB Geologia Studia Universitatis BabeBolyai, seria Geologia, Cluj-Napocatudijne Zvesti ASAV tudijne Zvesti Archeologickho stavu Slovenskej Akadmie ViedSWLS Sammlungen des Wrttembergischen Landesmuseums StuttgartTraco-Dacica Traco-Dacica, Institutul de racologie, Bucureti

    ibiscum ibiscum, Acta Musei Caransebesiensis, Carasebenibiscus ibiscus, Muzeul Banatului, imioaraisicum isicum, A Jsz-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Mzeumok vknyve, SzolnokLVH agungen des Landesmuseums r Vorgeschichte Halle, Halleyragetia yragetia (S.N.), Muzeul Naional de Istorie a MoldoveiUPA Universittsorschungen zur prhistorischen Archologie, BonnVAH Varia Archaeologica Hungarica, BudapestVAHD Vijesnik za Arheologiju I Historiju DalamtinskuVAMZ Vjesnik Arheolokog muzeja u ZagrebuVasrnapi Ujsg Vasrnapi Ujsg, MramarosVMMK A Veszprm Megyei Mzeumok Kzlmnyei, VeszprmVMUF Verffentlichungen des Museums r Ur- und Frhgeschichte, Potsdam

    WArch World Archaeology, OxordWMBH Wissenschafliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und Herzegowina, WienVAUF Verffentlichungen der sterreichischen Arbeitsgemeinschaf r Ur- und

    Frhgeschichte, WienWPZ Wiener Prhistorische Zeitschrif, WienZalai Mzeum Zalai Mzeum, Kzlemnyek Zala megye mzeumaibl, ZalaegerszegZbornk SNM Zbornk Slovenskho Nrodnho Mzea, BratislavaZE Zeitschrif r Ethnologie, Berlin